Biography
Field is best remembered for his eighteen nocturnes which are single movement impromptu compositions for piano that maintain a single mood throughout. The first three of these date from 1812. These pieces are further notable for their influence on Frédéric Chopin, who went on to write 21 nocturnes himself.
Music
Field wrote seven piano concertos.
Among his solo piano compositions, Field composed 18 nocturnes, four piano sonatas (the first three published together as his Op. 1), as well as fantasias, etudes, rondos, and sets of variations.
Piano Concerto No. 1 in E flat, H. 27 (1799)
Piano Concerto No. 2 in A flat, H. 31 (1811)
Piano Concerto No. 3 in E flat, H. 32 (1811)
Piano Concerto No. 4 in E flat, H. 28 (1814, revised 1819)
Piano Concerto No. 5 in C, H. 39 (1817), l'Incendie par l'Orage
Piano Concerto No. 6 in C, H. 49 (1819, revised 1820)
Piano Concerto No. 7 in C minor, H. 58 (1822, revised 1822-32) Available recordings
Keith Anderson, notes for recording Field: Piano Music, Vol. 1, Benjamin Frith (piano), Naxos 8.550761
Track listing for CD Field: Piano Music, Volume 2, Benjamin Frith (piano), Naxos 8.550762
2007年9月29日土曜日
With the death of Alexander III of Scotland in 1286 without a male heir, the throne of Scotland had become the possession of the three-year old Margaret, Damsel of Norway, the granddaughter of the King. In 1290 the Guardians of Scotland who had been appointed to govern the realm during the young Queen's minority drew up the Treaty of Birgham, a marriage contract between Margaret and the then five-year old Edward of Caernarvon the heir to the English throne. The treaty, amongst other points, contained the provision that although any offspring of this marriage would be heir to the crowns of both England and Scotland, the latter kingdom should be "separate, apart and free in itself without subjection to the English Kingdom". Scotland looked to be headed for civil war.
The arguments
Edward I gave judgement on the Scottish case on November 17, 1292 in favour of John Balliol with his son Edward becoming heir designate. This decision had the support of the majority of Scots nobles and magnates, even a number of those appointed by Bruce as auditors. Of special note was the support of John Comyn another competitor and head of the most powerful baronial family in Scotland who was married to Balliol's sister, Eleanor. In later years the Comyn family would remain staunch supports of the Balliol claim to the throne.
2007年9月28日金曜日
Non-Uniform Memory Access or Non-Uniform Memory Architecture (NUMA) is a computer memory design used in multiprocessors, where the memory access time depends on the memory location relative to a processor. Under NUMA, a processor can access its own local memory faster than non-local memory, that is, memory local to another processor or memory shared between processors.
NUMA architectures logically follow in scaling from symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) architectures. Their commercial development came in work by Burroughs, Convex Computer (later HP), SGI, Sequent and Data General during the 1990s. Techniques developed by these companies later featured in a variety of Unix-like operating systems, as well as to some degree in Windows NT and in later versions of Microsoft Windows.
Basic concept
Nearly all CPU architectures use a small amount of very fast non-shared memory known as cache to exploit locality of reference in memory accesses. With NUMA, maintaining cache coherence across shared memory has a significant overhead.
Although simpler to design and build, non-cache-coherent NUMA systems become prohibitively complex to program in the standard von Neumann architecture programming model. As a result, all NUMA computers sold to the market use special-purpose hardware to maintain cache coherence, and thus class as "cache-coherent NUMA", or ccNUMA.
Typically, this takes place by using inter-processor communication between cache controllers to keep a consistent memory image when more than one cache stores the same memory location. For this reason, ccNUMA performs poorly when multiple processors attempt to access the same memory area in rapid succession. Operating-system support for NUMA attempts to reduce the frequency of this kind of access by allocating processors and memory in NUMA-friendly ways and by avoiding scheduling and locking algorithms that make NUMA-unfriendly accesses necessary.
Current implementations of ccNUMA systems are multi processor systems based on the Intel Itanium and AMD Opteron processor. Earlier ccNUMA approaches were systems based on the MIPS processor in SGI systems and Alpha processor EV7 of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).
2007年9月27日木曜日
Masatoshi Koshiba (小柴 昌俊 Koshiba Masatoshi, born on September 19, 1926 in Toyohashi, Aichi Prefecture) is a Japanese physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002.
He graduated from the University of Tokyo, School of Science in 1951 and received a Ph.D. in physics at the University of Rochester, New York, in 1955. He then joined the University of Tokyo, where he became professor in 1960 and emeritus professor in 1987. From 1987 to 1997 Koshiba taught at Tokai University. In 2002 he won the Nobel Prize in Physics "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos".
He is now Senior Counselor of ICEPP and Emeritus Professor of University of Tokyo.
Koshiba's award-winning work centred on neutrinos, subatomic particles that had long perplexed scientists. Since the 1920s it had been suspected that the Sun shines because of nuclear fusion reactions that transform hydrogen into helium and release energy. Later, theoretical calculations indicated that countless neutrinos must be released in these reactions and, consequently, that Earth must be exposed to a constant flood of solar neutrinos. Because neutrinos interact weakly with matter, however, only one in a trillion is stopped on its way to Earth. Neutrinos thus developed a reputation as being undetectable.
In the 1980s Koshiba, drawing on the work done by Raymond Davis Jr, constructed an underground neutrino detector in a zinc mine in Japan. Called Kamiokande II, it was an enormous water tank surrounded by electronic detectors to sense flashes of light produced when neutrinos interacted with atomic nuclei in water molecules. Koshiba was able to confirm Davis's results—that the Sun produces neutrinos and that fewer neutrinos were found than had been expected (a deficit that became known as the solar neutrino problem). In 1987 Kamiokande also detected neutrinos from a supernova explosion outside the Milky Way. After building a larger, more sensitive detector named Super-Kamiokande, which became operational in 1996, Koshiba found strong evidence for what scientists had already suspected—that neutrinos, of which three types are known, change from one type into another in flight; this resolves the solar neutrino problem, since early experiments could only detect one type, not all three.
Prof. Koshiba is a member of the Board of Sponsors of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
2007年9月26日水曜日
The Mexican Pacific League (Spanish: Liga Mexicana del Pacífico or LMP) is Mexico's most important baseball league. The eight-team league's regular season runs from October to December and is followed by a playoff series in January to determine the league champion. The league's winner takes part in the Caribbean Series each year.
History
Tomateros de Culiacán (Culiacán Tomato Growers)
Algodoneros de Guasave (Guasave Cotton Growers)
Naranjeros de Hermosillo (Hermosillo Orange Growers)
Venados de Mazatlán (Mazatlán Deers)
Águilas de Mexicali (Mexicali Eagles)
Cañeros de Los Mochis (Los Mochis Sugarcane Growers)
Mayos de Navojoa (Navojoa Mayos)
Yaquis de Obregón (Obregon Yaquis)
2007年9月25日火曜日
New York Giants (1928-1943)
Carl Owen Hubbell (June 22, 1903 - November 21, 1988) was a left-handed screwball pitcher in Major League Baseball who played with the New York Giants in the National League from 1928 to 1943.
NL MVP: 1933 & 1936
All Star: 1933-1938, 1940-1942
Led league in ERA 1933 (1.66), 1934 (2.30), and 1936 (2.31)
Led league in wins: 1933 (23), 1936 (26) and 1937 (22)
Led league in strikeouts: 1937 (159) Early years
Hubbell would go 10-6 in his first major league season, and would pitch his entire career for the Giants. With a slow delivery of his devastating screwball, Hubbell recorded five consecutive 20-win seasons for the Giants (1933-37), and helped his team to three NL pennants and the 1933 World Series title. In the 1933 Series, he won two complete game victories, including an 11-inning 2-1 triumph in Game Four (the run was unearned). In six career Series starts, he was 4-2 with 32 strikeouts and a low 1.79 earned run average.
Hubbell finished his career with a 253-154 record, 1678 strikeouts, 724 walks, 36 shutouts and a 2.97 ERA, in 3590 innings pitched. After his retirement, Hubbell served as director of the Giants' minor league organization and director of player development for 35 years. The last 10 years of his life were spent as a Giants scout.
He won 24 consecutive games between 1936 (16) & 1937 (8), the longest such streak ever recorded in either the National league or American League. He was twice named National League MVP (1933, 1936) (1st unanimous MVP pick in 1936)
All-Star game moments
Hubbell died due to injuries sustained in an auto accident in Scottsdale, Arizona at 85 years of age. He is interred at Meeker-Newhope Cemetery in Meeker, Oklahoma.
Death
He was a 9-time All-Star, playing in 1933 thru 1938 and then again from 1940 thru 1942.
In 1999, he ranked number 45 on The Sporting News list of Baseball's Greatest Players, and was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.
Hubbell was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1947.
He was the first NL player to have his number (11) retired. His number is posted on the facing of the upper deck in the left field corner at AT&T Park. Hubbell in popular culture
List of MLB individual streaks
List of Major League Baseball leaders in career wins
List of Major League Baseball ERA champions
List of Major League Baseball saves champions
List of Major League Baseball strikeout champions
List of Major League Baseball wins champions
List of Major League Baseball no-hitters
2007年9月24日月曜日
The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) is an international scientific society dedicated to increasing and diffusing the knowledge of acoustics and its practical applications.
History
The Society has thirteen technical committees which represent specialized interests in the field of acoustics. The committees organize technical sessions at conferences and are responsible for the representation of their sub-field in ASA publications. The committees include:
Acoustical Oceanography
Animal Bioacoustics
Architectural Acoustics
Biomedical Ultrasound/Bioresponse to Vibration
Engineering Acoustics
Musical Acoustics
Noise
Physical Acoustics
Psychological and Physiological Acoustics
Signal Processing in Acoustics
Speech Communication
Structural Acoustics and Vibration
Underwater Acoustics Publications
The ASA presents awards to individuals for contributions to the field of Acoustics. These include
Gold Medal
R. Bruce Lindsay Award
Wallace Clement Sabine Medal
Pioneers of Underwater Acoustics Medal
Trent-Crede Medal
von Békésy Medal
Silver Medal
2007年9月23日日曜日
KTRK-TV is the ABC owned and operated station in Houston, Texas. Its studio is located at 3310 Bissonnet Street in the Upper Kirby district of central Houston (ZIP code 77005), and its transmitter is located in Missouri City.
The station grew out of the VHF "freeze", when three entities vying for the channel 13 assignment, including the Houston Chronicle, decided to merge as Houston Consolidated Television. They bought the studio facilities of the defunct KNUZ-TV (ch 39), a DuMont UHF affiliate which had gone dark. The original studio facilities were located at 4513 Cullen Blvd (in the University of Houston complex; this studio later housed KHTV [now KHCW) and KUHT.
Originally launched as KXYZ in 1954, the call letters were changed to KTRK in 1955 after the Chronicle bought out its partners. The calls were derived from KTRH, which the Chronicle then owned. For many years, it called itself "The Houston Chronicle Station." Soon afterwards, the station moved to its current Bissonnet Street location. The studio was the first domed structure in town, preceding the better-known Astrodome by 10 years. Both projects were built by the same architect, Hermon Lloyd.
Like many stations located on "unlucky" channel 13, it used a black cat as its mascot. For many years, the station ran a children's show featuring a black cat, "Kitirik", by adding an "I" between the station's call letters. She wore a cat suit complete with mink ears and tail, and drawn-on whiskers. Her real name was Bunny Orsak. She had two sons, Gary and Lane. [1]
Early programs involved a heavy emphasis on local flavor and reflected themes of the day. Some of the more popular local shows included:
Additionally, in its beginning stages, former CBS Evening News anchor Dan Rather got his start in television as a reporter for KTRK in 1959.
In 1967, the Houston Chronicle sold KTRK to Capital Cities Communications. Under CapCities' ownership, KTRK preempted some ABC programming, though not nearly as much as other ABC affiliates, such as sister station, WPVI-TV in Philadelphia. The shows KTRK preempted were not widely run in many markets, though for many years KTRK pre-empted the first half-hour of "Good Morning America" in favor of a local newscast. This practice continued into the early-90s, before the newscast was moved back to a pre-7:00am start time. After 1991, its only preemption was half of "The Home Show." KTRK only ran the first half-hour, an arrangement which continued when the show morphed into Mike and Maty. When "The View" premiered in the time-slot, KTRK began running the entire show. Despite these preemptions, ABC was more than satisfied with KTRK, one of its strongest affiliates. CapCities bought ABC in 1986, making KTRK an ABC-owned and operated station. With that distinction, KTRK would become one of the two first network O&Os in Houston. That same year, News Corporation's newly created Fox Television Network purchased KRIV-TV. Capital Cities/ABC was sold to Disney at the end of 1995.
Today, KTRK runs the entire ABC schedule, though there are times when local special events are aired in place of network programming. KTRK is also different from many ABC owned-and-operated stations in that it has never aired The Oprah Winfrey Show, or the current syndicated versions of Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy!, all of which have been mainstays on most of ABC's owned-and-operated stations for years. In fact, at one point during the late 80s to early 90s, The Phil Donahue Show was the only daytime syndicated program on KTRK's lineup. This was largely due to its hour-long 6 p.m. newscast as well as its popular movie showcases and local programming at the time, including Good Morning Houston. For many years, KTRK was also the original television home of the Houston Astros, however it only televised Sunday afternoon road games. Today, KTRK broadcasts only three syndicated programs during weekdays: Live with Regis and Kelly, the syndicated version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, and Inside Edition.
KTRK has been the official television home of the Houston Texans since their expansion year in 2002. The station has televised all of the Texans' preseason games not carried on national networks since the team's inception. On Sundays during the Texans' season, it televises a post-game show, Houston Texans Inside the Game at 10:35 p.m. following its Sunday newscast. On Mondays during the regular season, it televises Look Back with Kubiak, in which sports director Bob Allen looks over the previous Sunday's game with Texans head coach Gary Kubiak, during its 6 p.m. newscasts. On Saturdays, its Extra Points sports show is converted to a special edition entitled Extra Points: Houston Texans Edition at 6:30 PM.
The station's newscast, Eyewitness News, has been number one in the Houston market for most of the last 30 years. It is also one of the highest-rated newscasts in the country. In recent years, however, KTRK has faced strong challenges from rival CBS affiliate KHOU-TV, often battling with KHOU for number one during its evening newscasts. In 2005, KHOU overtook KTRK during evening newscasts and at one time ousted KTRK's longtime No. 1 position in the mornings. KTRK-TV recently took the lead again in the mornings, as well as at midday, and 5 p.m.
The rivalry is so intense that KTRK has even gone as far as advertising its newscasts as the most watched in Houston in terms of total households for all of its newscasts. KTRK-TV has always led in household ratings, something it continues to do. It broadcasts more hours of local news than any other Houston television station with six hours on weekdays, two and a half hours on Saturday and four hours on Sunday.
On August 12, channel 13 debuted in HD. Becoming the second in Houston to do so behind channel 11 (KHOU). Many Houston columnists and bloggers belive that channel 13 (KTRK) will take the lead once again as Houstons News Leader. That will be determined when ratings come out in September.
KTRK is widely noted for having the most experienced news team in Greater Houston, the tenth-largest media market in the United States as of 2006-07. Many of the station's anchors and reporters have been at the station for at least 20 years, some even dating back to the station's days under Capital Cities ownership. Dave Ward has been the station's main anchor since 1968, longer than anyone in Houston television history. Two other notable long-time personalities are sports director Bob Allen, who has served in that position since 1974, longer than any other major-market sports director, and investigative reporter Wayne Dolcefino, who has worked for KTRK since 1985 and has won many awards for a number of high-profile civic and consumer investigations with his 13 Undercover franchise.
KTRK also became known for its legendary consumer and investigative reporter, Marvin Zindler, whose week-long 1973 reports on a brothel in La Grange, Texas led to the closing of the Chicken Ranch, a bordello that was later immortalized in the musical and film, The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas and ZZ Top's hit song La Grange. Zindler was also widely noted in Houston for his Friday night Rat and Roach Report on Houston restaurants that failed health inspections, which ended with his trademark line "Slime in the Ice Machine". Zindler signed a lifetime contract with KTRK in 1988, making him the first person ever offered such a contract by then-owner Capital Cities, which was known as a financially frugal company. Zindler continued to work for the station until his death in 2007 from pancreatic cancer, even filing reports during his treatment.
In the 1970s and 1980s, Ward, along with Allen, Zindler, and weatherman Ed Brandon, led Houston's top-rated news team at 6 p.m. and 10 p.m. The lineup was later revised to include a female anchor, Shara Fryer in the 1990s, followed by current chief meteorologist Tim Heller in lieu of Brandon at 10 p.m. in 2002, and the replacement of Fryer with Gina Gaston the following year. In 2007, Brandon retired from the station after a 35-year career, but has occasionally filled in.
KTRK's "Circle 13" logo is the same as that for KTRK's Toledo sister station, WTVG, only that KTRK calls itself "ABC 13", while WTVG is known as "13 ABC".
Its previous logo, which ran from 1971 until the mid 1990s, was a "Crooked Circle 13." It recalled livestock branding of the Old West and was set in Helvetica font, with the bottom of the "3" trailing off out of the circle.
For many years since the mid-1990s, both logos have been superimposed on an image of the Texas state flag.
Today, KTRK uses 2 different logos. One is the logo shown above, and they have 2 other variations of that they also use. The other is the number 13 in a circle shown at an angle. This is only used during newscasts.
Circle 7 logo (The Circle 13 is the derivative of the Circle 7.)
KTRK's old callsign KXYZ was, by coincidence, a western reflection of today's ABC affiliate WXYZ in Detroit based on the last few letters of the alphabet.
KPRC 2 (NBC, WX+ on DT2, LATV on DT3) - KUHT 8 (PBS, PBS-X on DT2, V-me on DT3) - KHOU 11 (CBS, HD Doppler on DT2) - KTRK 13 (ABC, news on DT2, AccuWX TV on DT3) - KETH 14 (TBN, The Church Channel on DT2, JCTV on DT3, TBN Enlace on DT4, Smile of a Child on DT5) - KTXH 20 (MNTV) - KVQT 21 (Span. Rel.) - KLTJ 22 (DS) - KRIV 26 (Fox) - KCVH 30 (LAT TV) - KUVM 34 (AZA) - KHCW 39 (The CW, The Tube on DT2) - KHLM 43 (Multimedios) - KXLN 45 (UNI) - KTMD 47 (TEL) - KPXB 49 / KBPX 33 (ION, qubo on DT2, ION Life on DT3) - KNWS 51 (Ind) - KTBU 55 (A1) - KAZH 57 / KHMV 28 / KVVV 53 (TuV) - KZJL 61 (Ind) - KFTH 67 (TFU)
KVVV 16 (Ind)
KMID 2 (Midland) - KIII 3 (Corpus Christi) - KRGV 5 (Weslaco) - KLTV 7 / KTRE 9 (Tyler / Lufkin) - KVIA 7 (El Paso) - KVII 7 (Amarillo) - WFAA 8 (Dallas) - KBMT 12 (Beaumont) - KSAT 12 (San Antonio) - KTXS 12 / KTXE 38 (Sweetwater / San Angelo) - KTRK 13 (Houston) - KVUE 24 (Austin) - KAVU 25 (Victoria) - KXXV 25 / KRHD 40 (Waco / Bryan) - KAMC 28 (Lubbock)
Coordinates: 29°34′28″N, 95°29′38″W
Cadet Don: A Space-themed adventure program for children, focusing on the exploits of an interstellar adventurer and the locations he visited.
Dialing for Dollars: A game show of sorts where a viewer would be phoned by the host and would win a cash prize by answering questions.
Good Morning Houston: The successor to Dialing for Dollars which debuted in the late 1970s and expanded to include discussions on local events and topics important to viewer's lifestyles.
Tom Abrahams: Weekend Evening Anchor
Ilona Carson: 4PM Anchor
Mark Garay: Weekend Morning Anchor
Elissa Rivas: Weekend Morning Anchor
Gina Gaston: 6PM and 10PM
Stephanie Guadian: Weekend Evening Anchor
Tom Koch: Weekday Morning and 4PM Anchor
Melanie Lawson: 11AM and 5PM Anchor
Sharron Melton: Weekday Morning Anchor
Art Rascon: 5PM Anchor
Dave Ward: 6PM and 10PM Anchor (ABC13's main anchor since 1968)
Gene Apodaca: General Assignment Reporter
Craig Bell: General Assignment Reporter
Andy Cerota: General Assignment Reporter
Cynthia Cisneros: General Assignment Reporter
Katisha Cosley: General Assignment Reporter
Christine Dobbyn: General Assignment Reporter
Wayne Dolcefino: "13 Undercover" Investigative Reporter
Jeff Ehling: "Action 13" Consumer Reporter
Eric James: General Assignment Reporter
Christi Myers: "13 Healthcheck" Reporter
Don Nelson: Entertainment/Traffic Reporter
Ted Oberg: "In Focus" Reporter
Kevin Quinn: General Assignment Reporter
Elissa Rivas: General Assignment Reporter
Miya Shay: General Assignment Reporter
Laura Whitley: General Assignment Reporter
Jessica Willey: General Assignment Reporter
Deborah Wrigley: General Assignment Reporter
Richard Alderman: The People's Lawyer
Joel Androphy: Legal Analyst
Dr. Richard Murray: Political Analyst
Tim Heller: Chief Meteorologist, seen weekday evenings
Travis Herzog: 11am and 4pm Weather Anchor
Casey Curry: Weekday Morning Meteorologist
David Tillman: Weekend Evening Meteorologist
Doug Brown: Weekend Morning Meteorologist
Bob Allen: Sports Director (longest tenured sports director at any major-market station)
Tim Melton: Weekend Anchor
Bob Slovak: Sports Reporter
Chris Adams: reporter (1992-2004)
Carlos Aguilar reporter (1980-1995)
Dan Ammerman: reporter
Vicente Arenas: reporter (mid 1990s, currently weekend anchor with KHOU)
Elma Barrera: reporter (mid 1970s-2006, retired)
Jim Bergamo: reporter (now reporter at KVUE in Austin)
Frank Billingsley: weekend meteorologist (1989-1995, currently chief meteorologist at KPRC)
Bob Boudreaux: anchored "Live at Five" before 1990, later weekend anchor (1977-2005)
Ed Brandon: weatherman (1972-2007, was chief weatherman until 2002, now retired)
Dan Cambre: reporter (1990s)
Jan Carson: 6 and 10 pm co-anchor (1975-1980, later left for San Francisco before returning to Houston on KPRC-TV in 1983, now retired but still well known in Greater Houston)
Shern-Min Chow: reporter (1983-1991, now at KHOU)
Larry Conners: anchor/investigative reporter (1972-1975, now at KMOV-TV in St. Louis)
Mary Ellen Conway: reporter
Chris Curle: reporter (mid 1970s)
John Nigel Davenport: (died in 1991)
Joe Diaz: weekend meteorologist (1989-1997; currently Chief Meteorologist at KOAT in Albuquerque)
Thom Dickerson: reporter
Deborah Duncan: host, "The Deborah Duncan Show" (1998-2002, plans for ABC/Disney to pick it up fell through, now morning anchor at KHOU)
Troy Dungan: chief weatherman (196?-1974, later became legendary weathercaster for WFAA-TV in Dallas, now retired)
Lis Exon: police/investigative reporter (1990s, now news manager at OETA (PBS Oklahoma) in Tulsa)
Diana Fallis: (ABC13's first African American female anchor - later served as a media relations liaison with Prairie View A & M University)
Shara Fryer: anchor/reporter (1980-2006)
Roland Galvan: meteorologist (1986-1988; later moved to KTLA in Los Angeles, last at KIII in Corpus Christi, deceased)
Stephen Gauvain: NASA reporter (deceased; in 1996, a Ford Explorer SUV Gauvain rode in flipped over while his crew was returning from coverage of the Hilton Crawford murder trial in Huntsville, Texas. The cause of the accident, a defective Firestone tire, would later lead to an investigation exposed by rival KHOU that led to numerous lawsuits and a complete recall of the tires.)
Bruce Gietzen: sports reporter (now evening anchor at KXXV in Waco)
Jan Glenn: co-host of "Good Morning Houston" from 1977-1991 with Don Nelson, and was once married to sports anchor Bob Allen. Retired from KTRK and briefly worked with KHCW covering special events such as the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo.
David Glodt: anchor/reporter
Van Hackett: anchor/reporter (1980s)
Nydia Han: consumer reporter (currently at WPVI in Philadelphia)
Kimberly Harms: sports reporter (1994-1998)
Charles Harrison: meteorologist/voice announcer (retired)
Alan Hemberger: "Live at Five" anchor (1989-1998, now at KHCW)
Corin Hoggard: sub-anchor/reporter (currently reporter at KFSN)
Cynthia Hunt: (Currently at Cynthia Hunt Productions and afternoons 2-4 at KPRC-AM "Chris Baker & Cynthia Hunt Show")
James Irby: reporter (2000-2004, now weekend anchor at KTBC in Austin)
Debbie Johnson: reporter
Heidi Jones: Midday and 4 PM meteorologist (1997-2004, now weekend meteorologist at WABC-TV in New York)
Larry Kane: host, "The Larry Kane Show" (1959-1971, deceased)
Cheryle Keck: morning anchor (deceased)
Ed Kilgore: sports anchor/reporter (1971-1973, now at WGRZ-TV in Buffalo)
Don Kobos: reporter (19??-2000, later became KTRK's assistant news director)
Dan Lovett: sports anchor (left in 1974 for WABC-TV in New York, has since returned to Houston)
Darren Lyn: reporter (2002-2006, later became a Houston-based reporter for sister network ESPN)
Tim Malloy: anchor (1989-1994, now at WPTV in West Palm Beach)
Jeff McShan: reporter (1992-1993, now at KHOU)
Doug Murphy: weekend sports anchor (moved to KPIX-TV in San Francisco in 1982, deceased)
Patrick Nolan: reporter (2000-2003, now evening anchor at WFTX in Fort Myers, Florida)
Gene Norman: weekend meteorologist (now chief meteorologist at WGCL-TV in Atlanta)
Bunny Orsak: (1954-1972), host of The Kitirik Show. Orsak holds the honor of being the first woman on-screen for KTRK.
Minerva Perez: (1992-2007, left because of disagreement of morning newscasts)
Dan Rather: (1959-1961, eventually succeeded Walter Cronkite as anchor of CBS Evening News until his 2005 retirement)
Sylvan Rodriguez: (1977-1986, left for ABC News' West Coast bureau, later returning to Houston with KHOU-TV, deceased)
Jim Rosenfield: anchor (1983-1989, now at WCBS-TV in New York)
Tim Ryan: reporter (1981-1983, now at KDFW-TV in Dallas)
Lisa Trapani: co-host of Good Morning Houston (1991-2000, now marketing director at KHOU)
Alvin Van Black: entertainment/nightlife reporter, particularly "Alvin at Night" segments during 10 p.m. newscasts on Friday nights (1987-1998, deceased)
Marvin Zindler: legendary "Action 13" consumer/investigative reporter, mainly during 6pm newscasts (1973-2007, deceased)
The Texas News (1962-1965)
Channel 13 News (1965-January 1, 1973)
13 Eyewitness News (January 1, 1973-present)
Houston's News Leader (1995-present)
KTRK-TV
Query the FCC's TV station database for KTRK-TV
2007年9月22日土曜日
SOMETHING I CAN NEVER FIND!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
The Gräfenberg spot, or G-spot, is a small area in women behind the pubic bone, surrounding the urethra and accessible through the anterior wall of the vagina. It is putatively an erogenous zone that when stimulated leads to high levels of sexual arousal and powerful orgasms.
Search for the G-Spot
Other researchers have attempted to locate the G-spot by building on the claim that G-spot stimulation leads to female ejaculation. Tepper
2007年9月21日金曜日
The Valley Campaigns of 1864 were American Civil War operations and battles that took place in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia from May to October 1864. Military historians divide this period into three separate campaigns, but it is useful to consider the three together and how they interacted.
Three Valley Campaigns of 1864
The first campaign started with Grant's planned invasion by Sigel. Sigel was in command of the Department of West Virginia, and his orders from Grant were to move "up the Valley" (i.e., southwest to the higher elevations) with 10,000 men to destroy the railroad center at Lynchburg, Virginia.
Sigel was intercepted by 4,000 troops and cadets from the Virginia Military Institute under Confederate Maj. Gen. John C. Breckenridge and defeated. He retreated to Strasburg, Virginia, and was replaced by Maj. Gen. David Hunter, who later burned VMI in retaliation for the actions of the VMI cadets.
Hunter resumed the Union offensive and defeated William E. "Grumble" Jones, who was killed in the battle. Hunter occupied Staunton, Virginia.
Hunter was foiled in his plan to destroy railroads, canals, and hospitals in Lynchburg when initial units under Jubal A. Early arrived. Hunter, short on supplies, retreated back through West Virginia.
Early's Raid and operations against the B&O Railroad (June – August 1864)
Grant finally lost patience with Early, particularly his burning of Chambersburg, and knew that Washington remained vulnerable if Early was still on the loose. He found a new commander aggressive enough to defeat Early: Philip Sheridan, the cavalry commander of the Army of the Potomac, who was given command of all forces in the area, calling them the Army of the Shenandoah. Sheridan initially started slowly, primarily because the impending presidential election of 1864 demanded a cautious approach, avoiding any disaster that might lead to the defeat of Abraham Lincoln.
Also known as Front Royal or Cedarville. Confederate forces under Richard H. Anderson were sent from Petersburg to reinforce Early. Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt's Union cavalry division surprised the Confederate columns while they were crossing the Shenandoah River, capturing about 300. The Confederates rallied and advanced, gradually pushing back Merritt's men to Cedarville. The battle was inconclusive.
Also known as Flowing Springs or Cameron's Depot. Early and Anderson struck Sheridan near Charles Town, West Virginia. Sheridan conducted a fighting withdrawal.
Two Confederate divisions crossed Opequon Creek and forced a Union cavalry division back to Charles Town.
A minor engagement in which Early attempted to stop Sheridan's march up the Valley. Early withdrew back to Opequon Creek when he realized he was in a poor position for attacking Sheridan's full force.
Also known as the Third Battle of Winchester. While Early had his forces dispersed, raiding the B&O Railroad, Sheridan struck near Winchester, Virginia. Sustaining ruinous casualties, Early retreated from the largest battle in all three of the campaigns, taking up defensive positions at Fisher's Hill.
Sheridan hit Early in an early-morning flanking attack, routing the Confederates with moderate losses. Early retreated to Waynesboro, Virginia.
With Early damaged and pinned down, the Valley lay open to the Union. And because of Sherman's capture of Atlanta, Lincoln's re-election now seemed assured. Sheridan pulled back slowly down the Valley and conducted a scorched earth campaign that would presage Sherman's March to the Sea in November. The goal was to deny the Confederacy the means of feeding its armies in Virginia, and Sheridan's army did so ruthlessly, burning crops, barns, mills, and factories.
As Early began a pursuit of Sheridan, Union cavalry routed two divisions of Confederate cavalry.
In a brilliant surprise attack, Early routed two thirds of the Union army, but his troops were hungry and exhausted and fell out of their ranks to pillage the Union camp; Sheridan managed to rally his troops and defeat Early decisively.
Having completing his missions of neutralizing Early and suppressing the Valley's military-related economy, Sheridan returned to assist Grant at Petersburg. Most of the men of Early's corps rejoined Lee at Petersburg in December, while Early remained to command a skeleton force. His final action was defeat at the Battle of Waynesboro on March 2, 1865, after which Lee removed him from his command because the Confederate government and people had lost confidence in him.
2007年9月20日木曜日
A sabbatical year is a prolonged hiatus, typically one year, in the career of an individual taken in order to fulfill some goal, e.g., writing a book or traveling extensively for research. Some universities and other institutional employers of scientists, physicians, and/or academics offer a paid sabbatical as an employee benefit, called sabbatical leave. Some companies offer an unpaid sabbatical for people wanting to take career breaks - this is a growing trend in the UK, with 20% of companies having a career break policy, and 10% considering introducing one.
Sabbaticals are often taken by professors, pastors, cartoonists (e.g. Gary Larson and Bill Watterson), musicians (e.g. Cindy Wilson, Bobby McFerrin) and sportsmen (e.g. Alain Prost). Academic sabbaticals are typically for one year following six years of full-time employment.
In UK students' unions, particularly in higher education institutions, students can be elected to become sabbatical officers of their students' union, either taking a year out of their study (in the academic year following their election) or remaining at the institution for a year following completion of study. Sabbatical officers are usually provided with a living allowance or stipend.
Sabbatical experience
Gap year
Career break
2007年9月19日水曜日
The nation of Ghana, West Africa has a diverse and rich resource base. The country is mainly agricultural, however, with a majority of its workers engaged in farming. Cash crops consist primarily of cocoa and cocoa products, which typically provide about two-thirds of export revenues, timber products, palm oil, coconuts and other palm products, shea nuts, which produce an edible fat, and coffee. Ghana also has established a successful program of nontraditional agricultural products for export, including pineapples, cashews, and pepper. Cassava, yams, plantains, maize, rice, peanuts, pearl millet, and sorghum are the basic foodstuffs. Fish, poultry, and meat also are important dietary staples.
Minerals -- principally gold, diamonds, manganese ore, and bauxite -- are produced and exported. The only commercial oil well has been closed after producing 3.5 million barrels (560,000 m³) over its seven-year life, but signs of natural gas are being studied for power generation, while exploration continues for other oil and gas resources.Offshore oil deposits in potentially significant quantities were recently discovered near cape three points.
Ghana's industrial base is relatively advanced compared to many other African countries. Import-substitution industries include textiles; steel (using scrap); tires; oil refining; flour milling; beverages; tobacco; simple consumer goods; and car, truck, and bus assembly.
Tourism has become one of Ghana's largest foreign income earners (ranking third in 1997), and the Ghanaian Government has placed great emphasis upon further tourism support and development.
As of 2005, Ghana had the world's worst purchasing parity. This means that Ghanaians get less for their money than people from anywhere else. Countries in a similar position include remote Kuwait and Qatar, and notoriously expensive Switzerland, Iceland and Norway. Most third world African countries have exceptionally good parity, though the Republic of Congo has a ratio similar to moderate first world countries; and Angola and Zambia have ratios befitting a country from the second world.
Independence
This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Ghana at market prices estimated by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Ghanaian Cedis.
Macro-economic trend
Prime Minister Busia's government (1969-72) liberalized controls to attract foreign investment and to encourage domestic entrepreneurship. Investors were cautious, however, and cocoa prices began declining again while imports surged, precipitating a serious trade deficit. Despite considerable foreign assistance and some debt relief, the Busia regime also was unable to overcome the inherited restraints on growth posed by the debt burden, balance-of-payments imbalances, foreign exchange shortages, and mismanagement.
Although foreign aid helped prevent economic collapse and was responsible for subsequent improvements in many sectors, the economy stagnated in the 10-year period preceding the NRC takeover in 1972. Population growth offset the modest increase in gross domestic product, and real earnings declined for many Ghanaians.
Busia government
To restructure the economy, the NRC, under General Acheampong (1972-78), undertook an austerity program that emphasized self-reliance, particularly in food production. These plans were not realized, however, primarily because of post-1973 oil price increases and a drought in 1975-77 that particularly affected northern Ghana. The NRC, which had inherited foreign debts of almost $1 billion, abrogated existing rescheduling arrangements for some debts and rejected other repayments. After creditors objected to this unilateral action, a 1974 agreement rescheduled the medium-term debt on liberal terms. The NRC also imposed the Investment Policy Decree of 1975--effective on January 1977--that required 51% Ghanaian equity participation in most foreign firms, but the government took 40% in specified industries. Many shares were sold directly to the public.
Acheampong government
Continued mismanagement of the economy, record inflation (more than 100% in 1977), and increasing corruption, notably at the highest political levels, led to growing dissatisfaction. The post-July 1978 military regime led by General Akuffo attempted to deal with Ghana's economic problems by making small changes in the overvalued cedi and by restraining government spending and monetary growth. Under a one-year standby agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in January 1979, the government promised to undertake economic reforms, including a reduction of the budget deficit, in return for a $68 million IMF support program and $27 million in IMF Trust Fund loans. The agreement became inoperative, however, after the 4 June coup that brought Flight Lieutenant Rawlings and the AFRC to power for 4 months.
Akuffo government
In September 1979, the civilian government of Hilla Limann inherited declining per capita income; stagnant industrial and agricultural production due to inadequate imported supplies; shortages of imported and locally produced goods; a sizable budget deficit (almost 40% of expenditures in 1979); high inflation, "moderating" to 54% in 1979; an increasingly overvalued cedi; flourishing smuggling and other black-market activities; unemployment and underemployment, particularly among urban youth; deterioration in the transport network; and continued foreign exchange constraints.
Limann's PNP government announced yet another (2-year) reconstruction program, emphasizing increased food production and productivity, exports, and transport improvements. Import austerity was imposed and external payments arrears cut. However, declining cocoa production combined with falling cocoa prices, while oil prices soared. No effective measures were taken to reduce rampant corruption and black marketing.
Limann government
When Rawlings again seized power at the end of 1981, cocoa output had fallen to half the 1970-71 level and its world price to one-third the 1975 level. By 1982, oil would constitute half of Ghana's imports, while overall trade contracted greatly. Internal transport had slowed to a crawl, and inflation remained high. During Rawlings' first year, the economy was stagnant. Industry ran at about 10% of capacity due to the chronic shortage of foreign exchange to cover the importation of required raw materials and replacement parts. Economic conditions deteriorated further in early 1983 when Nigeria expelled an estimated 1 million Ghanaians who had to be absorbed by Ghana.
In April 1983, in coordination with the IMF, the PNDC launched an economic recovery program, perhaps the most stringent and consistent of its day in Africa, aimed at reopening infrastructural bottlenecks and reviving moribund productive sectors--agriculture, mining, and timber. The largely distorted exchange rate and prices were realigned to encourage production and exports. Increased fiscal and monetary discipline was imposed to curb inflation and to focus on priorities. Through November 1987, the cedi was devalued by more than 6,300%, and widespread direct price controls were substantially reduced.
Rawlings government
The economy's response to these reforms was initially hampered by the absorption of one million returnees from Nigeria, the onset of the worst drought since independence, which brought on widespread bushfires and forced closure of the aluminium smelter and severe power cuts for industry and decline in foreign aid. In 1985, the country absorbed an additional 100,000 expellees from Nigeria. In 1987, cocoa prices began declining again; however, initial infrastructure repairs, improved weather, and producer incentives and support revived output in the early 1990s. During 1984-88 the economy experienced solid growth for the first time since 1978. Renewed exports, aid inflows, and a foreign exchange auction have eased hard currency constraints.
2007年9月15日土曜日
Sol is a fictional character written for and performed on stage by Marc Favreau.
Sol is a clown who handily deconstructs the French language, to the amusement of adults as well as toddlers. Sol mostly appears alone on stage and recites comic monologues dealing with current social and political issues.
Sol began as a regular on La Boîte à surprise, a long running children's TV show on the French language Radio-Canada network. At that time, the act was called Bim et Sol. The character proved popular so Marc Favreau developed Sol's monologues into a one-man show. Favreau then teamed up with another clown for Sol et Bouton. He also appeared on a popular television series called Sol et Goblet opposite Luc Durand. Sol also appeared on a television series on TVOntario called Parlez-Moi, which taught basic French, as it is spoken in Quebec and other parts of Canada.
2007年9月14日金曜日
Kevin Warwick (born 9 February 1954 in Coventry, UK) is professor of cybernetics at the University of Reading, UK.
He carries out research in artificial intelligence, control, robotics and biomedical engineering. He is also Director of the Reading University Knowledge Transfer Centre, which links the University with Companies and raises £2.5Million each year in research income for the University. He is probably best known for his studies on direct interfaces between computer systems and the human nervous system, although he has done much research in the field of robotics.
Warwick is a Chartered Engineer and a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology. He is also presently a Visiting Professor at the Czech Technical University in Prague and in 2004 was Senior Beckman Fellow at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
Project Cyborg
Warwick and his colleagues claim that the Project Cyborg research could lead to new medical tools for treating patients with damage to the nervous system, as well opening the way for the more ambitious enhancements Warwick advocates. Some transhumanists even speculate that similar technologies could be used for technology-facilitated telepathy, or "techlepathy."
Implications and criticisms
Warwick is known for taking opportunities to publicise his work, and often appears on radio and TV interviews. He also has very outspoken views on the future, particularly with respect to artificial intelligence and its impact on the human species: he is a proponent of the strong AI view that machines will eventually become at least as intelligent as human beings, and argues that we will need to use technology to enhance ourselves in order to avoid being overtaken. He also points out that there are many limits, such as our sensorimotor abilities, that we can overcome with machines, and is on record as saying that he wants to gain these abilities: "There is no way I want to stay a mere human." His supporters assert that the publicity he deliberately courts around his research is also important as it generates interest in his work and helps to show the public, as well as skeptical academics. It is also claimed to be valuable outreach for the field of Cybernetics as a whole.
Personal opinions
As well as his implant studies Warwick presently heads an EPSRC supported research project which investigates the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques in order to suitably stimulate and translate patterns of electrical activity from living cultured neural networks in order to utilise the networks for the control of mobile robots. Hence a biological brain actually provides the behaviour process for each robot. It is expected that the method will be extended to the control of a robot head.
Along with Tipu Aziz and his team at Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, Warwick is helping to design the next generation of Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease . Instead of stimulating the brain all the time, the aim is for the device to predict when stimulation is needed and to apply the signals prior to any tremors occurring to stop them before they even start.
Warwick also heads the Reading University team in a number of European Community projects such as FIDIS looking at issues concerned with the future of identity and ETHICBOTS which is considering the ethical aspects of robots and cyborgs.
Present Research
As well as the Project Cyborg work, Warwick has been involved in several of the major robotics developments within the Cybernetics Department at Reading. These include the "seven dwarves", a version of which was given away in kit form as Cybot on the cover of Real Robots Magazine.
He is a self confessed Indophile and has been to India five times. On two of his visits he has delivered lectures at Techfest In a more complex setting, it may be asked whether a "natural selection" may be possible, neural networks being the major operative.
Other activities
Warwick has headed a number of projects aimed at exciting schoolchildren about the technology with which he is involved. In 2000 he received the EPSRC Millenium Award for a Schools Robot League. Meanwhile in 2007, 16 school teams were involved in designing a humanoid robot to dance and then complete an assault course - a final competition being held at the Science Museum, London. The project, entitled 'Androids Advance' was supported by EPSRC.
He also lectures widely to general audiences.
Bibliography
God helmet
Ray Kurzweil and The Age of Intelligent Machines
Stelarc
Steve Mann
Transhumanism
2007年9月13日木曜日
Nominated: Outstanding Made of Television Movie 2001 For Love or Country: The Arturo Sandoval Story
Nominated: Best Actor - Miniseries 2001 For Love or Country: The Arturo Sandoval Story
Andy García (born April 12, 1956) is an Academy Award-nominated Cuban-born American actor. He became known in the 1990s, having appeared in several successful Hollywood films, including The Godfather: Part III, When a Man Loves a Woman, Ocean's Eleven, and Ocean's Thirteen.
Biography
García was born Andrés Arturo García y Menéndez in Havana, Cuba. His mother, Amelie Menéndez, was an English teacher, and his father, René García Núñez, was an attorney in Cuba which convinced him to pursue a career in acting.
Early life
García began acting at Florida International University, but soon went to Hollywood. He started to perform in very short roles, working part-time as waiter and in a warehouse. His chance arose when he was offered a role as a gang member in the first episode of the popular TV series Hill Street Blues. Director Brian de Palma liked his performance in the 1986 movie 8 Million Ways to Die and engaged him the following year for The Untouchables, which made Garcia a popular Hollywood actor. In 1989, Francis Ford Coppola was casting The Godfather Part III. The character Vincent Corleone, the illegitimate son of Sonny Corleone, was an exceptional part which many actors wanted. Garcia was not the only one of the few actors capable of carrying the part, but he also bore a resemblance to Robert De Niro, who played the role of young Vito Corleone, Vincent's grandfather, in The Godfather Part II. The role thus went to Garcia, who earned an Academy Award nomination as Best Supporting Actor for his performance and became an internationally acclaimed star.
In the following years, García has performed in a wide variety of films. He has appeared also in several TV films. While not in the same vein of movie stars dominating the box office, Garcia has remained equally strong in both leading and supporting roles. One of his more well-known films was the 2001 remake of Ocean's Eleven, in which he played Terry Benedict, the ruthless Las Vegas mogul who just happens to be seeing the estranged wife (Julia Roberts) of George Clooney's character. García reprised the role in the 2004 sequel, although many noted that the part was significantly smaller than the one he played in the first film. He has finished and released The Lost City which he co-wrote, directs, and stars in, alongside Dustin Hoffman and Bill Murray. Upon its release, The Lost City sparked controversy in Latin America due to its negative portrayal of the Cuban Revolution, and Che Guevara in particular.Garcia and his good friend Christian Tellez saved a family of four during a boating accident they witnessed of the coast of Miami Beach in 1986. García is a fervent critic of the Cuban government. He was also, along with Gloria Estefan, a strong advocate of Elian Gonzalez staying in the United States rather than returning to Cuba in early 2000.
Filmography
2007年9月12日水曜日
Egyptian is an Afro-Asiatic language most closely related to Berber, Semitic, and Beja.
Periodization
Egyptian is a fairly typical Afro-Asiatic language. At the heart of Egyptian vocabulary is a root of three consonants. Sometimes there were only two, for example /raʕ/ "sun" (where the [ʕ] represents a voiced pharyngeal fricative); others, such as /nfr/, which means "beautiful"; and some could be as large as five /sḫdḫd/ "be upside-down". Vowels and other consonants were then added to this root in order to derive words, in the same way as Arabic, Hebrew, and other Afro-Asiatic languages do today. However, it is not known what these vowels would have been, since like many other Afro-Asiatic languages, Egyptian does not write vowels; hence "ankh" could represent either "life", "to live" or "living". In transcription,
<a>
, <i>
, and <u>
all represent consonants; for example, the name Tutankhamen was written in Egyptian twt-ʕnḫ-ỉmn. Experts have assigned generic sounds to these values as a matter of convenience; however, this artificial pronunciation has often been mistaken for actual pronunciation.Phonologically, Egyptian contrasted bilabial, labiodental, alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, and glottal consonants, in a distribution rather similar to that of Arabic.
Middle Egyptian's basic word order is Verb Subject Object; the equivalent to "the man opens the door", would be a sentence corresponding to "opens the man the door" (wn s ˁ3)
Regarding morphology, Egyptian uses the so-called status constructus construction to combine two or more nouns, similar to Semitic and Berber languages. The early stages of Egyptian possessed no articles, no words for "the" or "a"; later forms used the words p3, t3 and n3 for this purpose. Like other Afro-Asiatic languages, Egyptian uses two grammatical genders, masculine and feminine, similarly to Arabic and Tamasheq. It also uses three grammatical numbers, contrasting singular, dual, and plural forms.
Structure of the language
Main article: Writing in Ancient Egypt Egyptian writing
Further information: Transliteration of ancient Egyptian
While the consonantal phonology of the Egyptian language may be reconstructed, its exact phonetics are unknown, and there are varying opinions on how to classify the individual phonemes. A peculiarity shared with the Semitic languages is the existence of an "emphatic series" in addition to a voiced vs. voiceless opposition.
Since vowels were not written natively, reconstructions of the Egyptian vowel system are much more uncertain, relying on the evidence of Coptic and Greek transcriptions of Egyptian names.
Because Egyptian is also recorded over full two millennia, the Archaic and Late stages being separated by the amount of time that separates Old Latin from modern Italian, it must be assumed that significant phonetic changes would have occurred over that time.
The vocalization of Egyptian is partially known, largely on the basis of reconstruction from Coptic, in which the vowels are written. Recordings of Egyptian words in other languages provide an additional source of evidence. Scribal errors provide evidence of changes in pronunciation over time. The actual pronunciations reconstructed by such means are used only by a few specialists in the language. For all other purposes the Egyptological pronunciation is used.
Egyptian g may represent two phonemes (g
Traditional alef (3) may also have been a alveolar approximant /ɹ/.
Phonology
As a convention, Egyptologists make use of an "Egyptological pronunciation" in which the consonants are given fixed values and vowels are inserted in accordance with essentially arbitrary rules. Two distinct different consonants, Egyptian alef and the Egyptian ayin, are both often pronounced as /a/. The yodh pronounced as /i/, and similarly, w as /u/. Between the other consonants, /e/ is then inserted. Thus, for example, the Egyptian king whose name is most accurately transliterated as Rˁ-ms-sw is transcribed as "Ramesses", meaning "Ra has Fashioned (lit. "Borne") Him".
Egyptological pronunciation
Grammar
Egyptian nouns can be either masculine or feminine (indicated as with other Afro-asiatic languages by adding a -t), and singular, plural (-w / -wt), or dual (-wy / -ty).
Articles (both definite and indefinite) did not develop until Late Egyptian, but are used widely thereafter.
Nouns
Egyptian has suffix, enclitic (called "dependent" by Egyptologists) and independent personal pronouns. These are as follows:
It also has demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these and those), in masculine, feminine, and common plural:
Finally there are interrogative pronouns (what, who, etc.)
Pronouns
Adjectives agree in gender and number with their nouns, for example: s nfr "(the) good man" and st nfrt "(the) good woman".
Attributive adjectives used in phrases fall after the noun they are modifying, such as in "(the) great god" (nṯr ˁ3). However, when used independently as a predicate in an adjectival phrase, such "(the) god (is) great" (ˁ3 nṯr) [lit., "great (is the) god"), the adjective precedes the noun.
Adjectives
Egyptian prepositions come before the noun.
Prepositions
Adverbs are words such as "here" or "where?". In Egyptian, they come at the end of a sentence e.g. zỉ.n nṯr ỉm "the god went there", "there" (ỉm) is the adverb.
Some common Egyptian Adverbs:
Adverbs
Interest in the ancient Egyptian languages continues. For example, it is still taught in several universities. Many resources are in French or German, in addition to English so it can be useful to know one of these languages though not a requirement.
For the film Stargate, Egyptologist Stuart Tyson Smith was commissioned to develop a constructed language to simulate the tongue of ancient Egyptians living alone on another planet for millennia. He also created the Egyptian dialogue for The Mummy (1999 film). In the French comedy Astérix & Obélix: Mission Cléopâtre, a similar attempt was apparently made (source in French). Egyptian taunts and responses are also heard while playing the Egyptian campaign of Age of Mythology
While Egyptian culture is one of the influences of Western civilization, few words of Egyptian origin remain in English. Even those associated with ancient Egypt were usually transmitted in Greek forms. Some examples of Egyptian words that have survived into English include ebony (Egyptian ḥbny), phoenix (Egyptian bnw, literally "heron"; transmitted through Greek), Pharaoh (Egyptian pr-ˁʒ, literally "great house"; transmitted through Greek), as well as the proper names Phineas (Egyptian, pʒ-nḥsy, literally "The black one," used as a generic term for Nubian foreigners) and Susan (Egyptian, sšn, literally "lotus flower"; probably transmitted first from Egyptian into Hebrew).
Modern-day resources
Notes
Literature
Loprieno, Antonio, Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-521-44384-9 (hbk) ISBN 0-521-44849-2 (pbk) Overviews
Allen, James P., Middle Egyptian - An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, first edition, Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-65312-6 (hbk) ISBN 0-521-77483-7 (pbk)
Collier, Mark, and Manley, Bill, How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs : A Step-by-Step Guide to Teach Yourself, British Museum Press (ISBN 0-7141-1910-5) and University of California Press (ISBN 0-520-21597-4), both in 1998.
Gardiner, Sir Alan H., Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Griffith Institute, Oxford, 3rd ed. 1957. ISBN 0-900416-35-1 Grammars
Faulkner, Raymond O., A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Griffith Institute, Oxford, 1962. ISBN 0-900416-32-7 (hardback)
Lesko, Leonard H., A Dictionary of Late Egyptian, 4 Vols., B.C. Scribe Publications, Berkeley, 1982. ISBN 0-930548-03-5 (hbk), ISBN 0-930548-04-3 (pbk).
Shennum, David, English-Egyptian Index of Faulkner's Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Undena Publications, 1977. ISBN 0-89003-054-5 Online dictionaries
Coptic language
Demotic
Egyptian hieroglyphs
Egyptian languages
Egyptian numerals
Hieratic
Egyptian Arabic
Transliteration of ancient Egyptian
Further information: Transliteration of ancient Egyptian
While the consonantal phonology of the Egyptian language may be reconstructed, its exact phonetics are unknown, and there are varying opinions on how to classify the individual phonemes. A peculiarity shared with the Semitic languages is the existence of an "emphatic series" in addition to a voiced vs. voiceless opposition.
Since vowels were not written natively, reconstructions of the Egyptian vowel system are much more uncertain, relying on the evidence of Coptic and Greek transcriptions of Egyptian names.
Because Egyptian is also recorded over full two millennia, the Archaic and Late stages being separated by the amount of time that separates Old Latin from modern Italian, it must be assumed that significant phonetic changes would have occurred over that time.
The vocalization of Egyptian is partially known, largely on the basis of reconstruction from Coptic, in which the vowels are written. Recordings of Egyptian words in other languages provide an additional source of evidence. Scribal errors provide evidence of changes in pronunciation over time. The actual pronunciations reconstructed by such means are used only by a few specialists in the language. For all other purposes the Egyptological pronunciation is used.
Egyptian g may represent two phonemes (g
Traditional alef (3) may also have been a alveolar approximant /ɹ/.
Phonology
As a convention, Egyptologists make use of an "Egyptological pronunciation" in which the consonants are given fixed values and vowels are inserted in accordance with essentially arbitrary rules. Two distinct different consonants, Egyptian alef and the Egyptian ayin, are both often pronounced as /a/. The yodh pronounced as /i/, and similarly, w as /u/. Between the other consonants, /e/ is then inserted. Thus, for example, the Egyptian king whose name is most accurately transliterated as Rˁ-ms-sw is transcribed as "Ramesses", meaning "Ra has Fashioned (lit. "Borne") Him".
Egyptological pronunciation
Grammar
Egyptian nouns can be either masculine or feminine (indicated as with other Afro-asiatic languages by adding a -t), and singular, plural (-w / -wt), or dual (-wy / -ty).
Articles (both definite and indefinite) did not develop until Late Egyptian, but are used widely thereafter.
Nouns
Egyptian has suffix, enclitic (called "dependent" by Egyptologists) and independent personal pronouns. These are as follows:
It also has demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these and those), in masculine, feminine, and common plural:
Finally there are interrogative pronouns (what, who, etc.)
Pronouns
Adjectives agree in gender and number with their nouns, for example: s nfr "(the) good man" and st nfrt "(the) good woman".
Attributive adjectives used in phrases fall after the noun they are modifying, such as in "(the) great god" (nṯr ˁ3). However, when used independently as a predicate in an adjectival phrase, such "(the) god (is) great" (ˁ3 nṯr) [lit., "great (is the) god"), the adjective precedes the noun.
Adjectives
Egyptian prepositions come before the noun.
Prepositions
Adverbs are words such as "here" or "where?". In Egyptian, they come at the end of a sentence e.g. zỉ.n nṯr ỉm "the god went there", "there" (ỉm) is the adverb.
Some common Egyptian Adverbs:
Adverbs
Interest in the ancient Egyptian languages continues. For example, it is still taught in several universities. Many resources are in French or German, in addition to English so it can be useful to know one of these languages though not a requirement.
For the film Stargate, Egyptologist Stuart Tyson Smith was commissioned to develop a constructed language to simulate the tongue of ancient Egyptians living alone on another planet for millennia. He also created the Egyptian dialogue for The Mummy (1999 film). In the French comedy Astérix & Obélix: Mission Cléopâtre, a similar attempt was apparently made (source in French). Egyptian taunts and responses are also heard while playing the Egyptian campaign of Age of Mythology
While Egyptian culture is one of the influences of Western civilization, few words of Egyptian origin remain in English. Even those associated with ancient Egypt were usually transmitted in Greek forms. Some examples of Egyptian words that have survived into English include ebony (Egyptian ḥbny), phoenix (Egyptian bnw, literally "heron"; transmitted through Greek), Pharaoh (Egyptian pr-ˁʒ, literally "great house"; transmitted through Greek), as well as the proper names Phineas (Egyptian, pʒ-nḥsy, literally "The black one," used as a generic term for Nubian foreigners) and Susan (Egyptian, sšn, literally "lotus flower"; probably transmitted first from Egyptian into Hebrew).
Modern-day resources
Notes
Literature
Loprieno, Antonio, Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-521-44384-9 (hbk) ISBN 0-521-44849-2 (pbk) Overviews
Allen, James P., Middle Egyptian - An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, first edition, Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-65312-6 (hbk) ISBN 0-521-77483-7 (pbk)
Collier, Mark, and Manley, Bill, How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs : A Step-by-Step Guide to Teach Yourself, British Museum Press (ISBN 0-7141-1910-5) and University of California Press (ISBN 0-520-21597-4), both in 1998.
Gardiner, Sir Alan H., Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Griffith Institute, Oxford, 3rd ed. 1957. ISBN 0-900416-35-1 Grammars
Faulkner, Raymond O., A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Griffith Institute, Oxford, 1962. ISBN 0-900416-32-7 (hardback)
Lesko, Leonard H., A Dictionary of Late Egyptian, 4 Vols., B.C. Scribe Publications, Berkeley, 1982. ISBN 0-930548-03-5 (hbk), ISBN 0-930548-04-3 (pbk).
Shennum, David, English-Egyptian Index of Faulkner's Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Undena Publications, 1977. ISBN 0-89003-054-5 Online dictionaries
Coptic language
Demotic
Egyptian hieroglyphs
Egyptian languages
Egyptian numerals
Hieratic
Egyptian Arabic
Transliteration of ancient Egyptian
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