The great chain of being or scala naturæ is a classical and western medieval conception of the order of the universe, whose chief characteristic is a strict hierarchical system.
The chain of being is composed of a great number of hierarchical links, from the most basic and foundational elements up through the very highest perfection, in other words, God, or the Prime Mover.
God, and beneath him the angels, both existing wholly in spirit form, sit at the top of the chain. Earthly flesh is fallible and ever-changing: mutable. Spirit, however, is unchanging and permanent. This sense of permanence is crucial to understanding this conception of reality. One does not abandon one's place in the chain; it is not only unthinkable, but generally impossible. The hierarchy is a chain and not a ladder. (One exception might be in the realm of alchemy, where alchemists attempted to transmute base elements, such as lead, into higher elements, either silver, or more often, gold—the highest element.)
In the natural order, earth (rock) is at the bottom of the chain; these elements possess only the attribute of existence. Moving on up the chain, each succeeding link contains the positive attributes of the previous link, and adds (at least) one other. Rocks, as above, possess only existence; the next link up, plants, possess life and existence. Beasts add not only motion, but appetite as well.
Man is a special instance in this conception. He is both mortal flesh, as those below him, and also spirit. In this dichotomy, the struggle between flesh and spirit becomes a moral one. The way of the spirit is higher, more noble; it brings one closer to God. The desires of the flesh drag one down. The Christian fall of Lucifer is especially terrible, because that angel is wholly spirit, who yet defies God, the ultimate perfection.

Other subdivisions

Arthur Lovejoy: The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea, (1936) ISBN 0-674-36153-9
E. M. W. Tillyard: The Elizabethan World Picture (1942)
William F. Bynum, "The Great Chain of Being after Forty Years: An Appraisal", History of Science 13 (1975): 1-28

Vince Guaraldi (July 17, 1928 – February 6, 1976) was an American jazz musician and pianist best known for composing music for animated adaptations of the Peanuts comic strip. Guaraldi was born in San Francisco, California. He graduated from Lincoln High School, attended San Francisco State College, and served as an Army cook in the Korean War.
In his first serious gig, he had to fill in for Art Tatum.
His first recording was made in November of 1951 and came out early in 1953. The early 10 inch LP was called The Cal Tjader Trio, which included the tunes "Chopsticks Mambo," "Vibra-Tharpe," and "Lullaby of the Leaves." By 1955, Guaraldi had put together his own trio with Eddie Duran and Dean Reilly. He then reunited with Cal Tjader in June, 1956 and was an integral part of two great bands that the vibraphonist assembled. The first band played mainly straight jazz and included Al Torre on drums, Eugene Wright on bass and Luis Kant on congas and bongos. The second band was formed in the spring of 1958 and included Al Mckibbon on bass, Mongo Santamaria on congas and bongos and Willie Bobo on drums and timbales. Reed men Paul Horn and Jose 'Chombo' Silva were also added to the group for certain live performances and recordings. Guaraldi left the group early in 1959 in order to pursue his own projects full time. Though he was best known for composing the music for the popular animated Peanuts television holiday specials, he was a Grammy award-winning jazz pianist prior to the Peanuts series. Nevertheless, his most recognized tune is "Linus and Lucy" from A Charlie Brown Christmas, a song which is known by fans worldwide as the musical signature of the Peanuts franchise.
Guaraldi's "Cast Your Fate to the Wind" won a Grammy for Best Original Jazz Composition. The track appears on the 1962 album Jazz Impressions of Black Orpheus, inspired by the French/Brazilian film Black Orpheus, which won an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

Compositions for Charles Schulz's Peanuts
Guaraldi died of a sudden heart attack at age 47 on February 6, 1976. He was found in a room at the Red Cottage Inn, relaxing between sets at Butterfield's nightclub in Menlo Park, California. Guaraldi had just finished recording the soundtrack for It's Arbor Day, Charlie Brown earlier that afternoon. Guaraldi was buried at Holy Cross Cemetery, Colma, California.
After Guaraldi's death, the music for the Peanuts series was composed by noted jazz musician David Benoit, who has often credited Guaraldi and the original Peanuts Christmas special music for his interest in jazz.
In 2003 a heretofore unknown live performance of the eight-part "Charlie Brown Suite" was released, restored from tapes in private collections.

Discography

1955 Modern Music from San Francisco
1956 Vince Guaraldi Trio
1957 A Flower Is A Lovesome Thing
1962 Jazz Impressions Of Black Orpheus (also known as "Cast Your Fate to the Wind: Jazz Impressions of Black Orpheus")
1963 Vince Guaraldi In Person
1963 Vince Guaraldi, Bola Sete and Friends
1964 The Latin Side Of Vince Guaraldi
1964 Jazz Impressions Of A Boy Named Charlie Brown
1965 From All Sides (with Bola Sete)
1965 The Grace Cathedral Concert
1965 A Charlie Brown Christmas
1966 Live at El Matador (with Bola Sete)
1968 Vince Guaraldi With San Francisco Boys Chorus
1968 Oh Good Grief!
1969 The Eclectic Vince Guaraldi
1970 Alma-Ville
1998 Charlie Brown's holiday Hits
2001 Jazz Casual: Paul Winter / Bola Sete & Vince Guaraldi (1963 television recording)
2003 The Charlie Brown Suite & Other Favorites (previously unreleased material from late 1960s)
2005 Oaxaca (previously unreleased material from late 1960s/early 1970s)
2006 North Beach (previously unreleased material from late 1960s/early 1970s)
2006 A Charlie Brown Christmas [Original Recordings Remastered] Reissued 1965 album with additional recordings and more complete versions of some tracks
2006 Vince Guaraldi and the lost cues from the Charlie Brown Television Specials (previously unreleased recordings from 1972–1975)
2007 (box set of recordings probably from the late 1960s/early 1970s; title yet to be announced) Notable appearances on other albums

1987 Happy Anniversary, Charlie Brown (Various artists including B.B. King, Chick Corea, Gerry Mulligan, Dave Brubeck)
1995 Joe's Cool Blues (Wynton Marsalis)
1996 Linus & Lucy: The Music Of Vince Guaraldi (George Winston)
2000 Here's to You, Charlie Brown! 50 Great Years! (David Benoit)
2000 A Charlie Brown Christmas (Cyrus Chestnut Trio)

The Cayman Islands are a British overseas territory located in the western Caribbean Sea, comprising the islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little Cayman. It is a global offshore financial services centre and one of the leading tourist scuba diving destinations in the world.

History

Main article: Geography of the Cayman Islands Geography
Administratively, Grand Cayman (the largest island) is divided into five districts:
Cayman Brac, the second largest island, is divided into six districts:
Little Cayman, the smallest and most sparsely populated island, is marginally bigger than a single district.

George Town (the present capital)
East End
North Side
West Bay
Bodden Town (the former capital)
West End
Stake Bay
Creek
The Rock
Cotton Tree Bay
Watering Place Districts

Main article: Demographics of the Cayman Islands Demographics

Main article: Economy of the Cayman Islands Economy
Tourism accounts for 70-75% of the annual GDP of the Cayman Islands. Of the millions of tourists that visit the islands annually, 99% visit Grand Cayman. George Town also serves as a major cruise ship port, which brings in 4,000 to 22,000 tourists a day, five days a week, depending on the number of ships in port.
One of Grand Cayman's (GCM) main attractions is the world-famous Seven Mile Beach on which a number of the island's hotels and resorts are located. Seven Mile Beach is regarded by many as one of the best beaches in the world. Historical sites in GCM such as Pedro St. James Castle in BoddenTown also attract visitors. The Sister Islands - Little Cayman and Cayman Brac - also supply their own unique charm.
The Cayman Islands is regarded as one of the world's best SCUBA diving destinations because of its crystal-clear waters and pristine walls. Cayman Brac and Little Cayman are also elite SCUBA dive destinations. There are several snorkeling locations where tourists can swim with stingrays including the popular Stingray City, Grand Cayman. Divers find two shipwrecks off the shores of Cayman Brac particularly interesting including the MV Keith Tibbetts.
Other Grand Cayman tourist attractions include the ironshore landscape of Hell, the 24- acre marine theme park Boatswain's Beach, also home of the Cayman Turtle Farm, the production of gourmet sea salt, and the Mastic Trail, a hiking trail through the forests in the centre of the island. On Cayman Brac, a lighthouse and a few local museums are tourist draws. Little Cayman's wildlife attracts nature lovers, especially bird watchers in search of the island's Red-footed Booby population.
See also: Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands

Tourism
The Cayman Islands is widely recognized to be one of the world's leading offshore financial centres.
The Cayman Islands financial services industry encompasses banking, mutual funds, captive insurance, vessel registration, companies and partnerships, trusts, structured finance and the Cayman Islands Stock Exchange. As of December 2005, just over 70,000 companies were incorporated on the Cayman Islands including 430 banking and trust companies, 720 captive insurance firms and more than 7,000 funds.
A recent report released by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) assessing supervision and regulation in the Cayman Islands' banking, insurance and securities industries, as well as its anti-money laundering regime, recognized the jurisdiction's comprehensive regulatory and compliance frameworks. "An extensive program of legislative, rule and guideline development has introduced an increasingly effective system of regulation, both formalising earlier practices and introducing enhanced procedures," noted IMF assessors. The report further stated that "the supervisory system benefits from a well-developed banking infrastructure with an internationally experienced and qualified workforce as well as experienced lawyers, accountants and auditors," adding that, "the overall compliance culture within Cayman is very strong, including the compliance culture related to AML (anti-money laundering) obligations...". The Cayman Islands had previously (briefly) appeared on the FATF Blacklist in 2000, although its listing was thought to be harsh, and was criticised at the time.

Financial services industry

Main article: Politics of the Cayman Islands Government
Caymanians and Caymanian companies are not subject to any form of direct taxation. However, an import tax of between 5% and 20% is levied on almost all imported goods.

Taxation
The Cayman Islands Education Council operates state funded schools on the island, with a Caribbean-oriented education curriculum. Caymanian children are entitled to free primary and secondary education. Various churches and private foundations operate several private schools offering curricula derived from American and UK education systems from kindergarten to twelfth grade. Grand Cayman is also home to St. Matthew's University, which includes a medical school and a school of veterinary medicine.
The Cayman Islands Law School (CILS), a branch of the University of Liverpool in the UK, is also based on Grand Cayman. Situated in George Town, the law school has been in operation since 1982. As taken from the student handbook, "The Law School provides tuition for both full and part-time programmes leading to the Bachelor of Law (Honours) Degree of the University of Liverpool and the qualification of Attorney-at-Law of the Cayman Islands, following successful completion of the postgraduate Professional Practicum Course (PPC)
Grand Cayman is home to University College of the Cayman Islands, the only government run University on the island. (http://www.ccci.edu.ky). The University College is located at 168 Olympic Way in Georgetown, Grand Cayman. The International College of the Cayman Islands http://www.icci.edu.ky/ which is located in Newlands about seven miles east of George Town. The college was established in 1970 and offers Associate's, Bachelor's and Post Graduate degree programs.

Education
The Cayman Islands have a modern healthcare system. There are two hospitals in George Town, the government run George Town Hospital and the smaller, private Chrissie Tomlinson Memorial Hospital. Additionally, Faith Hospital is a small (eighteen-bed) facility on Cayman Brac. The Government maintains a satellite clinic on Little Cayman.
Health insurance is handled by private insurers and a government-run company (CINICO). There is no universal health coverage as in the UK. All employers are required under Law to provide Health Insurance for their employees (although the employee may be required to contribute 50% of the premium). Full time employees also contribute USD 10 everty month to the "Indigent Fund" which helps cover care for the unemployed, elderly etc.
Currently the islands lack facilities for cardiac catheterization, though many feel the population is large enough to support the procedure. Various attempts to establish a cath lab in George Town Hospital have stalled out. Similarly, the Caymans have lacked an MRI since one was destroyed during Hurricane Ivan.
Ophthalmology services on Grand Cayman remain below North American standards. Only very basic general ophthalmic care is currently available.

Healthcare
In order to work in the Cayman Islands as a non-citizen, a work permit is required. This involves passing a police background check and a health check. A prospective worker will not be granted a permit if certain medical conditions are present. Nor are work permits issued after age 60.
The Cayman Islands presently imposes a controversial "rollover" policy in relation to expatriate workers who require a work permit. Non-Caymanians are only permitted to reside and work within the Territory for a maximum of seven years (non-renewable) unless they satisfy the criteria of key employees. The policy has been the subject of some controversy within the press, and concerns have been expressed that in the long term, the policy may damage the pre-eminence of the Cayman Islands as an offshore financial centre by making it difficult to recruit and retain experienced staff from onshore financial centres. Government employees are exempt, although this has also been controversial.
This policy is enshrined in the Immigration Law (2003 revision), written by the UDP government, and subsuqently enforced by the PPM government. Both governments agree to the term limits on foreign workers, and the majority of Caymanians also agree it is necessary to protect local culture, and heritage from being eroded by a large number of foreigners gaining residency/citizenshp. [8]

Work permits

Main article: Military of the Cayman Islands Foreign relations

Large parts of the novel The Firm by John Grisham, and the film, take place on the Cayman Islands. The main character works for a Memphis, Tennessee law firm that uses island banks for money laundering.
Frankie Flowers' 2004 film Haven takes place on Grand Cayman. Frankie Flowers is a native of the Cayman Islands.
The islands are featured as Krusty the Clown's tax haven in The Simpsons episode 3F12, "Bart the Fink".
In the computer game Rainbow Six 3: Raven Shield, four missions need to be accomplished at Cayman Brac airport in order to rescue hostages being held by terrorists.
The 2004 Kings of Convenience album Riot On An Empty Street features a track entitled simply "Cayman Islands". See also

2007年8月27日月曜日

William Alonzo Anderson, known as Cat Anderson (12 September 1916–29 April 1981) was an American jazz trumpeter best-known for his long period playing with Duke Ellington's orchestra, and for his extremely wide range (more than five octaves), especially his playing in the higher registers.
Born in Greenville, South Carolina, Anderson lost both parents when he was four years old, and was sent to live at the Jenkins Orphanage in Charleston, where he learnt to play trumpet. Classmates gave him the nickname "Cat" (which he used all his life) based on his fighting style. He toured and made his first recording with the Carolina Cotton Pickers, a small group based at the orphanage. After leaving the Cotton Pickers, Anderson played with guitarist Hartley Toots, Claude Hopkins' big band, Doc Wheeler's Sunset Orchestra (1938–1942), with whom he also recorded, Lucky Millinder, the Erskine Hawkins Orchestra, Sabby Lewis's Orchestra, and Lionel Hampton, with whom he recorded the classic "Flying Home #2".
Anderson's career took off, however, in 1944, when he joined Duke Ellington's orchestra at the Earle Theater in Philadelphia. He quickly became a central part of Ellington's sound. Anderson was capable of playing in a number of jazz styles, but is best remembered as a high-note trumpeter. He had a big sound in all registers, but could play in the extreme high register (up to triple C) with great power (videos exist showing him playing high-note solos without a microphone, clearly audible over an entire big band with all the members individually miked). Wynton Marsalis has called him "one of the best ever" high note trumpeters. More than just a high-note trumpeter, though, Anderson was also a master of half-valve and plunger-mute playing. He played with Ellington's band from 1944 to 1947, from 1950 to 1959, and from 1961 to 1971, with each break corresponding to a failed attempt to lead his own big band.
After 1971, Anderson settled in the Los Angeles area, where he continued to play studio sessions, to gig with local bands (including Louie Bellson's and Bill Berry's big bands), and occasionally to tour Europe. Although his erratic behavior over the last decade (or more) of his life was well documented, it took many by surprise when he died in 1981 of a brain tumor.

2007年8月26日日曜日

For the Wikipedia guideline, see Wikipedia:Avoid neologisms.
A neologism is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created ("coined") — often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. Neologisms are especially useful in identifying inventions, new phenomena, or old ideas which have taken on a new cultural context. The term "e-mail", as used today, is an example of a neologism.
Etymology: Greek νεολογισμός [neologismos], from νέος [neos] new + λόγος [logos] word, speech, discourse + suffix -ισμός [-ismos] -ism
Neologisms are by definition "new", and as such are often directly attributable to a specific individual, publication, period or event. The term "neologism" was itself coined around 1800; so for some time in the early 19th Century, the word "neologism" was itself a neologism.
Neologisms can also refer to an existing word or phrase which has been assigned a new meaning.
In psychiatry, the term is used to describe the creation of words which only have meaning to the person who uses them. It is considered normal in children, but a symptom of thought disorder indicative of a psychotic mental illness such as schizophrenia in adults. Usage of neologisms may also be related to aphasia acquired after brain damage resulting from a stroke or head injury.
In theology, a neologism is a relatively new doctrine (for example, rationalism). In this sense, a neologist is an innovator in the area of a doctrine or belief system, and is often considered heretical or subversive by the mainstream clergy or religious institution(s).

Changing culture
After being coined, neologisms invariably undergo scrutiny by the public and by language prescriptivists to determine their suitability to the language. Many are accepted very quickly; others attract opposition. Language experts (not linguists) sometimes object to a neologism on the grounds that a suitable term for the thing described already exists in the language. Non-experts who dislike the neologism sometimes also use this argument, deriding the neologism as "abuse and ignorance of the language.". Nevertheless if the public continues to use the term, it eventually sheds its status as a neologism and enters the language even over the objections of language experts.

Cultural acceptance
Newly created words entering a language tend to pass through stages that can be described using the following:

Unstable - Extremely new, being proposed, or being used only by a very small subculture (also known as protologism).
Diffused - Having reached a significant audience, but not yet having gained widespread acceptance.
Stable - Having gained recognizable and probably lasting acceptance. Evolution of neologisms
For a list of topically arranged protologisms (very-recently-coined terms), see Wiktionary:List of protologisms by topic.

Sources of neologism
Words or phrases created to describe new scientific hypotheses, discoveries, or inventions. Examples:

beetle bank (early 1990s)
black hole (1968)
laser (1960)
meme (1976)
prion (1982)
radar (1941) Science
Concepts created to describe new, futuristic ideas. Examples:

ansible (1966)
Dyson sphere (circa 1960)
flux capacitor (1985)
hyperspace (1934)
lightsaber (1977)
Metaverse (1992)
replicant (1982)
Ringworld (1971)
robotics (1941) Science fiction
See "Neologisms in literature" topic below.

Literature more generally
Words or phrases created to make some kind of political or rhetorical point, sometimes perhaps with an eye to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Examples:

blue state/red state/swing state (c. 2000)
Californication (1970s)
Chindia (2004)
corporatocracy
Dixiecrat (1948)
dog-whistle politics (1990)
fauxtography (2005)
genocide (1943)
heterosexism (1979)
homophobia (1969)
Islamophobia (1991)
meritocracy (1958)
NASCAR dad (2004)
political correctness (1970)
pro-choice (1975)
pro-life (1961)
Republicrat (1985)
sie and hir (pronouns)
soccer mom (1992)
Islamofascism (2001)
glocalisation Politics
Words or phrases evolved from mass media content or used to describe popular culture phenomena (these may be considered a variety of slang as well as neologisms). Examples:

badonkadonk
blog
jumping the shark
posterized (Note however that this word has also existed for some time as a term for an image-editing technique; its neologistic sports usage is completely unrelated.)
prequel
queercore
wardrobe malfunction
Internet
webinar (web-based seminar)
From "d'oh" to "cromulent" - many culturally-significant phrases from The Simpsons are now in common use. Pop-culture
Genericised trademarks. Examples:

aspirin
crock pot
laundromat
linoleum
etc. Commerce & advertising
Words or phrases created to describe new language constructs. Examples:

aptronym (2003; popularized by Franklin Pierce Adams)
backronym (1983)
protologism (2005)
retronym (popularized in 1980)
snowclone (2004) Linguistics
Miscellaneous sources. Examples:

nonce words — words coined and used only for a particular occasion, usually for a special literary effect. Other
By contrast, a paleologism is (in this context) a word or phrase that is alleged to be a neologism but turns out to be a long-used (if obscure) term. An example is "truthiness" (which was "re-coined" as an ironic usage by Stephen Colbert).

A note about paleologisms
Many neologisms have come from popular literature, and tend to appear in different forms. Most commonly, they are simply taken from a word used in the narrative of a book; a few representative examples are: "grok" (to achieve complete intuitive understanding), from Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert A. Heinlein; "McJob", from Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture by Douglas Coupland; "cyberspace", from Neuromancer by William Gibson. Sometimes the title of the book will become the neologism, for instance, Catch-22 (from the title of Joseph Heller's novel). Also worthy of note is the case in which the author's name becomes the neologism, although the term is sometimes based on only one work of that author. This includes such words as "Orwellian" (from George Orwell, referring to his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four) and "Ballardesque" (from J.G. Ballard, author of Crash). Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle was the container of the Bokononism family of nonce words. Another category is words derived from famous characters in literature, such as "quixotic" (referring to the titular character in Don Quixote de la Mancha by Cervantes), a "scrooge" (from the main character in Dickens's A Christmas Carol), or a "pollyanna" (from Eleanor H. Porter's book of the same name).
Lewis Carroll's poem "Jabberwocky" has been called "the king of neologistic poems" as it incorporated some dozens of invented words. The early modern English prose writings of Sir Thomas Browne are the source of many neologisms as recorded by the OED.

Quotation

Buzzword
Daffynition
Doublespeak
Dr. Seuss, author and renowned creator of neologisms
Dysphemism
Eponym
Etymology
Euphemism
Jargon
Newspeak
Malapropism
Neologistic aesthetics
Nonce word
Onomatopoeia
Portmanteau
Propaganda
Retronym
Siamese twins (English language)
Sniglet
Word formation See also

Information

• Wiktionary: Neologisms unstable


• Wiktionary: Neologisms diffused


• Wiktionary: Neologisms stable


• protologism

Wiktionary: Neologisms
Wiktionary: Neologisms unstable
Wiktionary: Neologisms diffused
Wiktionary: Neologisms stable
protologism

2007年8月25日土曜日

Karl August Hanke (24 August 1903 - 8 June 1945) was an official of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party or NSDAP). He served as Governor and Region Leader (Gauleiter) of Lower Silesia from 1940 to 1945.

Government Service
During the waning months of World War II, as the Soviet army advanced into Silesia and encircled Fortress (Festung) Breslau, Hanke was named by Hitler to be the city's "Battle Commander" (Kampfkommandant). Hanke oversaw, with brutal fanaticism, the futile and militarily useless defense of the city during the Battle of Breslau. Goebbels, dictating for his diary, repeatedly expressed his admiration of Hanke during the spring of 1945. However, when Breslau was finally taken, Hanke was not to be found.
On 6 May, German General Hermann Niehoff surrendered Breslau. Hanke flew out on 5 May in a small plane kept in reserve for him, a Fieseler Storch. (Speer's assertion that Hanke fled in a prototype helicopter may not be credible.)

The Fall of Breslau
Hanke's fanaticism and unconditional obedience to Hitler's orders also impressed Hitler, who in his final will appointed him to be the last Reichsführer-SS and Chief of the German Police, replacing Heinrich Himmler on 29 April 1945. Just eight days before, Hanke had been honored with Nazi Germany's highest decoration, the German Order, a reward for his defence of Breslau against the advancing Soviet army. Hanke's ascendancy to the rank of Reichsführer-SS was a result of Adolf Hitler proclaiming Himmler a traitor, stripping him of all his offices and ranks, and ordering his arrest.

Death

List of Gauleiters

2007年8月24日金曜日

Part of a series on Economic systems Primitive communism Capitalist economy Corporate economy Fascist economy Laissez-faire Mercantilism Natural economy Socialist economy Communist economy Closed economy Dual economy Gift economy Informal economy Market economy Mixed economy Open economy Participatory economy Planned economy Subsistence economy Underground economy Virtual economy Anglo-Saxon economy American School Global economy Hunter-gatherer economy Information economy New industrial economy Palace economy Plantation economy Social market economy Token economy Traditional economy Transition economy The social market economy was the main economic model used in Western and Northern Europe during the Cold War era. It originated in West Germany, and it is known as Soziale Marktwirtschaft in German.
In West Germany, the social market model was created and implemented by the Christian Democrat Ludwig Erhard, Minister of Economics under Konrad Adenauer's chancellorship and German Chancellor in his own right from 1963 to 1966.

History

2007年8月23日木曜日

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland Assembly
Acts: Acts Members: 1998 - 2003 - 2007 Elections: 1998 - 2003 - 2007 Presiding Officer
Northern Ireland Executive
First Minister: Ian Paisley Deputy First Minister: Martin McGuinness Departments and agencies
Local Government Courts of Northern Ireland
United Kingdom Parliament
Committees: Affairs - Grand Members: Commons - Lords Elections: 2005
United Kingdom Government
Northern Ireland Office Secretary of State • Direct Rule
British-Irish Council Electoral Commission North/South Ministerial Council
Belfast Agreement (1998) St Andrews Agreement (2006)
Elections in Northern Ireland
Constituencies • Political parties
This article is a list of Northern Ireland government Departments and their Agencies and other related organisations (listed underneath each Department).

Government departments and agencies
Departments of the United Kingdom government operating in Northern Ireland:

Electoral Commission
Northern Ireland Office

• Northern Ireland Court Service
  Northern Ireland Policing Board
  Northern Ireland Prison Service
  Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI)
  Probation Board for Northern Ireland (PBNI)
  Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland (PPSNI)
  Youth Justice Agency of Northern Ireland
  Security Service (MI5) United Kingdom departments in Northern Ireland
  
  Boundary Commission for Northern Ireland
  Civil Service Commissioners for Northern Ireland
  Compensation Agency
  District Policing Partnerships
  Electoral Office for Northern Ireland
  Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland (HSENI)
  Northern Ireland Audit Office (NIAO)
  Northern Ireland Housing Executive
  Office of the Oversight Commissioner
  Parades Commission Other related organisations
  
  Northern Ireland Transport Holding Company (aka Translink)
  Northern Ireland Water Other bodies
  
  Belfast Education and Library Board
  North Eastern Education and Library Board
  South Eastern Education and Library Board
  Southern Education and Library Board
  Western Education and Library Board Health and Social Services Boards and Trusts
  
  Northern Ireland Executive
  Reserved matters

2007年8月22日水曜日

FeedBurner is a news feed management provider launched in 2004.

2007年8月20日月曜日

Frankfurt am Main (help·info) (German: [ˈfraŋkfʊrt], British English: [ˈfɹaŋkfɜːt] American English: [ˈfɹaŋkfɝt]) is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany after Berlin, Hamburg, Munich and Cologne, with an end-2006 population of 661,877.
Among English speakers the city is commonly known simply as "Frankfurt", though Germans occasionally call it by its full name when it is necessary to distinguish it from the other (significantly smaller) Frankfurt in the German state of Brandenburg, known as Frankfurt (Oder). It was once called Frankfort-on-the-Main in English, a translation of Frankfurt am Main.

Overview

Main article: History of Frankfurt am Main History
Frankfurt is a multicultural city. Most immigrants are from Turkey, the former Yugoslavia, Italy, Spain, North-African countries, Iran, Lebanon, and the United States. The Frankfurt Area is also home to the (now 2nd) largest Korean community in Europe. 180 different nationalities reside in Frankfurt.
For a long time Frankfurt was a Protestant-dominated city. However, during the 19th century an increasing number of Catholics moved to the city. Today a narrow plurality of citizens are Catholic. Frankfurt has the second largest Jewish community (after Berlin) in Germany.

Population

Geography
The city is located on both sides of the Main River. The southern part of the city contains the Frankfurt City Forest (Frankfurter Stadtwald) Germany's largest forest within a city. The centre of Frankfurt is located on the north of Main River.

Geographic location
To the West, Frankfurt borders the Main-Taunus district (Towns and Municipalities Hattersheim am Main, Kriftel, Hofheim am Taunus, Kelkheim (Taunus), Liederbach am Taunus, Sulzbach (Taunus), Schwalbach am Taunus and Eschborn); to the Northwest the Hochtaunuskreis (Towns Steinbach (Taunus), Oberursel (Taunus), and Bad Homburg v.d. Höhe; to the North the Wetteraukreis (Towns Karben and Bad Vilbel); to the Northeast the Main-Kinzig district (Municipality Niederdorfelden and the town Maintal); to the Southeast the city Offenbach am Main; to the South the Offenbach district (Town Neu-Isenburg); and to the Southwest the Groß-Gerau district (Towns Mörfelden-Walldorf, Rüsselsheim and Kelsterbach).

Neighbouring communities and areas
The city is divided into 46 Stadtteile or Ortsteile which is again divided into 118 Stadtbezirke or city districts. The largest Ortsteil in area is Sachsenhausen-Süd. Most Stadtteile are incorporated suburbs, or Vororte, or previously separate cities. Some like Nordend arose during the rapid growth of the city in the Gründerzeit after the unification of Germany. Others were formed from settlements, which previously belonged to other city divisions, like Dornbusch (Frankfurt am Main).
The 46 city divisions are combined into 16 area districts or Ortsbezirke, which each have a district committee and chairperson.

City divisions and districts
Until the middle of the 19th century, the city territory of Frankfurt consisted of the present-day Stadtteile of Altstadt, Innenstadt, Bahnhofsviertel, Gutleutviertel, Gallusviertel, Westend, Nordend, Ostend and Sachsenhausen. After 1877, a number of previously independent areas were incorporated into the city, see list of current districts of the city.

History of incorporation

Main sights
Saint Bartholomeus' Cathedral (Dom Sankt Bartholomäus) is a Gothic building, which was constructed in the 14th and 15th centuries on the foundation of an earlier church from the Merovingian time. It is the main church of Frankfurt. From 1356 onwards, kings of the Holy Roman Empire were elected in this church, and from 1562 to 1792, emperors were crowned here.
Since the 18th century, Saint Bartholomeus' has been called "the cathedral" by the people, although it has never been a bishop's seat. In 1867, the cathedral was destroyed by a fire and rebuilt in its present style. The height of the cathedral is 95 m.

Cathedral

Main article: Römer (Frankfurt am Main) Saint Paul's Church

Main article: Alte Oper Concert House Old Opera
The Oper Frankfurt is a leading opera company of Germany and one of the most important opera houses in the world.

Frankfurt Opera

IG Farben Building
New Frankfurt, housing estates 1925-1930
Museum für angewandte Kunst, designed by Richard Meier 20th century architecture
Frankfurt is unique for its skyscrapers, and it is one of only a few European cities to allow skyscrapers within the old central part of town. Along with Paris, London and Warsaw, it also is one of the few European cities to have a significant number of skyscrapers.
The major skyscrapers are:

Commerzbank Tower — Europe's tallest building (1997–2005), designed by Sir Norman Foster.
Silver Tower
MesseTurm — Europe's tallest building (1990–1997)
Kronenhochhaus (DZ-Bank) with its "statue of liberty" like roof structure.
Maintower, among others "Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen" (HeLaBa)
Trianon (Frankfurt am Main). Skyscrapers
a grain silo owned by Henninger Brewery with observation deck and restaurant, offering a breath-taking view over downtown Frankfurt from its south shore. The tower has been closed to the public since October 31, 2002.
a telecommunications tower known as the "Frankfurt TV Tower". Until 1999, it was open to the public, with an entertainment establishment in the revolving top. It is normally referred by the locals as the "Spargel" (Asparagus) due to its tall circular central structure.

Other structures

Culture
Frankfurt hosts several festivals, fairs, and carnivals throughout the year. The most famous is the Rheingau-Music-Festival with many (mostly classical) concerts at castles and under the open sky surrounded by vineyards. It's an annual festival, taking place in May. Another major festival in the city is the "Museumsuferfest"; "Museum-Riverbank-Festival". It is one of the biggest cultural festivals in Germany, which offers the opportunity to see, buy, smell, taste and hear new things from all around the world. The festival takes place yearly at the end of summer and attracts an average of 3 million visitors. The festival goes over a period of 3 days and ends with a spectacular show of fireworks. Frankfurt is also known for having one of the largest red light districts in Germany in vicinity of the Hauptbahnhof (main railway station).

Festivals
"Museumsufer":
South side, in this order:
North side:
The street (south-side) itself (Schaumainkai) is on Saturday most partially closed to traffic for Frankfurt's largest flea market.
Downtown:

Ikonenmuseum
Museum für Angewandte Kunst
Museum der Weltkulturen
Deutsches Filmmuseum
Deutsche Architekturmuseum
Museum für Kommunikation
Städel
Liebieghaus
Museum Giersch
Jewish Museum (Frankfurt)
Historisches Museum (Frankfurt)
Museum of Modern Art (MMK, Frankfurt am Main)
Schirn Art Gallery
Senckenberg Natural History Museum Museums

Frankfurter Sausage
Frankfurter Rindswurst
Apfelwein
Grüne Soße
Bethmännchen
Frankfurter Kranz
Handkäs mit Musik
Rippchen mit Kraut Culinary specialties

Transport
The city is accessed from around the world via the Frankfurt International Airport. The airport has three runways and is one of the busiest airports in Europe, along with London Heathrow Airport, Charles de Gaulle International Airport and Schiphol International Airport. It is the biggest cargo-airport in Europe. Frankfurt can also be accessed via Frankfurt-Hahn Airport which is located approximately 120 km from the actual city.

Airports
Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof recently underwent a major development to allow trains from all over Germany to arrive at the station. Long distance trains run by Deutsche Bahn exit and arrive at the station everyday and less luxurious EuroCity and InterCity trains do the same. The Airport Long Distance Station is a modern station for the ICE highspeed trains at the Airport beside the A3 Motorway.
Local trains are integrated in the Public transport system Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund (RMV), the second largest integrated public transport systems in the world. Only the Berlin integrated public transport system (VBB) is larger.

Railways
The city comprises two underground railway systems: the U-Bahn and the S-Bahn, as well as an above-ground tram system known as the Straßenbahn. Information about the U and S Bahn can be found on the RMV website.
The S-Bahn is a far more extensive rail network and is above ground for the majority of the routes, however, they are largely subterranean in the city centre. The S-Bahn provides access to the suburbs of Frankfurt and to the main airport, as well to nearby cities and larger towns (such as Darmstadt, Hanau and Wiesbaden), and most smaller towns that are on the way.
The U-Bahn has seven lines serving the city centre and some larger suburbs. The trains that run on the line are in fact lightrails as many lines travel along a track in the middle of the street instead of underground further from the city centre. There is only one line that is completely underground.
The Straßenbahn (tram) only operates within the centre of Frankfurt and some smaller suburbs, making it a popular option for mid-day business commuting. It also provides extensive access to the district of Sachsenhausen on the southern bank of the Main river.
A number of bus lines complete the public transportation system of Frankfurt. Night buses take over the service of the U-Bahn and Straßenbahn at 1:30 AM.to 3:30 AM on Friday and Saturday nights.

Public Transport
Most taxis can be found outside all S-Bahn, U-Bahn stations and major intersections. The normal way to obtain a taxi is to either call a taxi operator or go to a taxi rank. However, although not the norm, one can hail one down on the street.

Taxis
Deutsche Bahn also rent out bicycles to the public. One finds them at many major road intersections and railway stations. All you do is make a phone call to hire them for €0.06/min or they can be hired per day for €15,-. The bicycles are a bit heavy but they do have shock absorbers to ensure a smooth journey. The silver-red colour of the bikes with their unique frame make them easily visible and difficult to steal.
The public can now use a velotaxi which involves the operator using a tricycle with a sheltered capsule on top. There is room for two people and the operators cover all of the city centre.
Frankfurt has also a network of modern cycle routes throughout city.

Bicycles
The roads and streets of Frankfurt city centre are usually congested and some areas are pedestrian-only streets. Despite these congested streets, there are numerous car parks located throughout the city. Frankfurt is also a traffic hub of the German Autobahn system. Within the direct city vicinity Frankfurt connects to the A 1, A 3, A 5, A 66, A 67, A 648, A 661 and A 45 Autobahns.

Roads
Frankfurt has an extensive city bus system that augments the streetcar and U-Bahn system run by the RMV

Buses
Frankfurt am Main is a financial and service centre of global importance and, as the focal point of the dynamic Rhine-Main economic region, is one of the leading locations for companies in Europe. Its central location, its well-developed infrastructure with the largest airport on the continent, the concentration of internationally active companies (many of them have headquarters in the city) of various sectors provide Frankfurt with one of the top positions in Europe.
As one of the leading financial centres, more than 300 national and international banks are represented in the Main metropolis. Amongst others, the European Central Bank and the German Bundesbank have their headquarters in Frankfurt. This is also where the Deutsche Börse Group is located.
According to a ranking list produced by the University of Liverpool, Frankfurt is the richest city in Europe by GDP per capita. After Frankfurt are Karlsruhe, Paris and then Munich.
With over 922 jobs per 1000 inhabitants, Frankfurt has the highest concentration of jobs in Germany. The high number of around 600,000 positions with only 650,000 inhabitants of the city itself is explained by the high number of commuters who work in the city, which raises the per capital GDP of the resident population significantly. Furthermore, it is only on work days and certain Saturdays when shops are open that Frankfurt can claim to have a million inhabitants. On other days, the statistics regarding Frankfurt's wealth are reduced, in favor of the communities and towns of the so-called Speckgürtel (literally bacon belt), such as Bad Homburg v.d. Höhe, Königstein im Taunus, Kronberg im Taunus and Bad Soden am Taunus, many of whose inhabitants work in Frankfurt. Frankfurt has the highest concentration of lawyers in Germany, with one lawyer per 99 inhabitants, and also the highest per-capita level of debt in Germany (excepting Germany's three city-states), because of a set of massive public works projects in the 1980s under CDU mayors Walter Wallmann and Wolfram Brück.
Frankfurt also occupies the fifth position on another list ranking major cities according to quality of life. Despite that, Frankfurt also had, as of 2003, the highest levels of crime per 100,000 inhabitants in Germany. However, this statistic is a result of the commuter population, for it is calculated based on the 650,000-inhabitant figure, and also includes crimes committed at the airport, such as smuggling. Frankfurt is therefore a very safe city, confirmed by surveys among the inhabitants.
The Frankfurt Airport is the single largest place of work in Germany.

Economy and Business
Frankfurt is also an important location for the internet. Frankfurt is home to Germany's largest internet exchange point, DE-CIX, and is where domain names are registered for the top-level-domain .de.

Electronic communication
Fairs have a long tradition in Frankfurt, which, with the Frankfurt Trade Fair is recognized as the premier city for medieval fairs and modern-day trade shows. Even in the Middle Ages, traders could sell their goods in Frankfurt. Frankfurt was connected with Leipzig, the other of the two most important locations for fairs in the Holy Roman Empire, by means of the Via Regia.
Alongside the Frankfurt Book Fair, Frankfurt hosts the International Automobile Exhibition, the Achema, and the Ambiente Frankfurt, the largest consumer goods trade show in the world.

Trade
Frankfurt is known as a centre of high finance. The headquarters of Germany's three largest banks are all located in downtown Frankfurt. The Deutsche Bank is located on the Mainzer Landstraße in the vicinity of the Taunus foothills. A few avenues further into the city, one can recognize the Commerzbank's skyscrapers, the highest of which is almost 300 meters tall.
Despite what its name would suggest, the Dresdner Bank is also headquartered in Frankfurt. Dresdner Bank now belongs to Allianz Bank in Munich. Frankfurt is also the location of the largest Dutch "direct bank", ING. Several important non-public banks are also located in Frankfurt, such as Bankhaus Metzler, Hauck and Aufhäuser, Delbrück Bethmann Maffei (which belongs to the Dutch ABN Amro) and BHF-Bank.
Among the largest non-public banks are the DZ Bank, the DekaBank, the Frankfurter Sparkasse (savings bank), and the Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen (HELABA). Most of the remaining 300 banks are small domestic businesses.
With the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and XETRA, which belong to the Deutsche Börse, Frankfurt has the second largest stock exchange in Europe, and accounts for the largest proportion of trades in Germany. In terms of market capitalization, the Deutsche Börse is the largest stock exchange in the world.

Finance
Frankfurt is home to chemical industries, advertising, software business and call centers. Business development and other important departments of the Deutsche Bahn are located at the DB-Headquarters in Gallus. Because of Hoechst AG, Frankfurt is considered the "Apothecary of the World". Höchst's industrial park in Frankfurt is one of the three largest locations for the chemical and pharmaceutical industry in Europe. Frankfurt is also home to several large German industrial associations, such as the Chemical Industry Association; the Association for German Machine- and Equipment-building; the Electrotechnical, Electronic, and Information Technology Association e.V. with its affiliated electrotechnical standards commission; and the Association of German Automobile Producers, which is currently moving to Franfurt. The Union of German Automobile Producers meets in Frankfurt every two years to coincide with the International Automobile Exhibition, mentioned above. Furthermore, the Trade Association of German Booksellers has its headquarters in Frankfurt, and organizes the Frankfurt Book Fair. In terms of labor unions, Frankfurt is home to the headquarters of IG Metall and IG Bau, two of Germany's largest labor unions.
Businesses with regional headquarters or based in and near Frankfurt include:

German Football Association
Fiat
Ferrari
Alfa-Romeo
Lancia
Hyundai
KIA
Jaguar (Kronberg)
Opel (Rüsselsheim) Other businesses
Frankfurt am Main is a banking metropolis also with respect to state-owned banks. Alongside the Bundesbank (the German central bank) and the KfW Banking Group, the German office of the International Finance Corporation (part of the World Bank group) and the European Central Bank have their headquarters in Frankfurt.
Beyond that, Frankfurt is the home to the German National Library, the Hessian State Supreme Court, and the Hessian State Employment Court, and has its own police academy. The fire department, founded in 1874, and the volunteer fire department have eight firehouses. Until their dissolution at the end of 2003, Frankfurt was the location of the Federal Disciplinary Court.
Frankfurt also hosts 88 consulates. Only New York and Hamburg have more foreign representation, excluding capital cities. Russia and China have recently opened general consulates in Frankfurt. The Consulate General of the United States in Frankfurt in Eckenheim is the largest American consulate in the world.

Establishments and organization
Frankfurt was one of the first cities with daily newspapers, and is home to two international newspapers. The conservative Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung has its editorial offices and its printing houses in the vicinity of Mainzer Highway in the Gallus neighborhood. The left-of-center Frankfurter Rundschau moved its editorial offices and printing houses to the Sachsenhausen neighborhood in July 2005. Another conservative regional newspaper, the Frankfurter Neue Presse, printed by the Frankfurt society, is next to the printing house of the Frankfurter Algemeine Zeitung. Frankfurt has a tabloid newspaper, NEWS Frankfurt from the Handelsblatt publishing company, printed on smaller tabloid-style leaf, with a modern layout. The Welt Kompakt is printed in a similar format, and appears in Frankfurt and Berlin. Frankfurt is also home to Reuters's German headquarters in the Messeturm.
Several magazines also originate from Frankfurt. The Journal Frankfurt is the best-known magazine for events, parties, and "insider tips", and has its editorial offices in the Gallus neighborhood. An "ecological magazine", Öko-Test, publishes materials for the Green Party of Germany in Bockenheim. Bockenheim is known for the quiz magazine of the same name, and is home to the editorial office of the satire magazine, Titanic.
Frankfurt's first radio station was the Südwestdeutsche Rundfunkdienst AG (Southwest German Radio Service), founded in 1924. Its successor service is the public broadcaster Hessischer Rundfunk (Hessian Broadcast). Its "Funkhaus am Dornbusch" station is one of the most important radio and television broadcasters. There is also the ARD-Stern that broadcasts from individual senders via a high-service network. Bloomberg TV and RTL have regionals studios on the Neuen Mainzer Straße, downtown. Other broadcasters in Frankfurt include Main FM and Radio X. The largest private radio station in the region FFH, is located nearby in Bad Vilbel.
Since August 1945, the American Forces Network had broadcast from Frankfurt. Due to troop reductions, the AFN's Frankfurt location has been abandoned. Since October 2004, the AFN has broadcast its European programs from Mannheim.

Media
In Frankfurt am Main, there are two universities and several specialist schools. The oldest and most well-known university in the city is the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, with locations in Bockenheim, Westend, and Riedberg, and university hospital in Niederrad. Alongside the university is the banking academie HfB - Business School of Finance & Management, formerly known as the Hochschule für Bankwirtschaft (Institution of Higher Learning for Banking Economics), with its campus in the Ostend (Eastend) neighborhood. Since 2001, it has been a specialist institution for the teaching Economics and Management, or FOM.
Frankfurt has the State Institution of Higher Learning for Artistic Education known as the Städelschule, founded in 1817 by Johann Friedrich Städel, that was taken over by the city in 1942 and turned into a state art school. Another art school is the State Instutution for Music and Performance Art, initially as a private school known as Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium founded in 1878. The Fachhochschule Frankfurt am Main (Professional School of Frankfurt) was created out of several older organizations in 1971, and offers courses in engineering and economics. Until September 2003, Frankfurt was also home to a school for library science and administration.
The Philosophical-Theological Institution of Saint George (Philosophisch-Theologische Hochschule Sankt Georgen, a private institution with membership in the German Jesuit Association, has been located in Frankfurt's Sachsenhausen neighborhood since 1950. The city is also home to three Max-Planck-Institutes: the Max Planck Institute for European History of Law (MPIER), Max Planck Institute for Biophysics, and the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research. The Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, sponsored by several institutional and private sources, is involved in theoretical research in physics, chemistry, neurology, and computer science.

Education and research
Frankfurt hosts the following teams:

Eintracht Frankfurt, football (soccer)
SV 07 Heddernheim, football (soccer)
FSV Frankfurt, football (soccer)
1. FFC Frankfurt, football (soccer)
Frankfurter FC Germania 1894, football (soccer)
1. Bockenheimer FC 1899, football (soccer)
Frankfurt Lions, icehockey
Deutsche Bank Skyliners — Basketball
Frankfurt Galaxy, American Football Sister cities

Free City of Frankfurt
Frankfurt Trade Fair
Frankfurt Book Fair
Frankfurt Transit
Frankfurt School
List of mayors of Frankfurt

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